Oliver, J M; Jones, M T; Kirk, K M; Gable, D A; Repshas, J T; Johnson, T A; Andréasson, U; Norgren, N; Blennow, K; Zetterberg, H
Serum Neurofilament Light in American Football Athletes over the Course of a Season Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 33, no. 19, pp. 1784–1789, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult brain injury, axonal injury, Biomarkers, Head trauma, traumatic brain injury
@article{Oliver2016,
title = {Serum Neurofilament Light in American Football Athletes over the Course of a Season},
author = {Oliver, J M and Jones, M T and Kirk, K M and Gable, D A and Repshas, J T and Johnson, T A and Andr\'{e}asson, U and Norgren, N and Blennow, K and Zetterberg, H},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2015.4295},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {33},
number = {19},
pages = {1784--1789},
abstract = {Despite being underreported, American football boasts the highest incidence of concussion among all team sports, likely due to exposure to head impacts that vary in number and magnitude over the season. This study compared a biological marker of head trauma in American football athletes with non-contact sport athletes and examined changes over the course of a season. Baseline serum neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) was measured after 9 weeks of no contact and compared with a non-contact sport. Serum NFL was then measured over the course of the entire season at eight time-points coincident with expected changes in likelihood of increased head impacts. Data were compared between starters (n = 11) and non-starters (n = 9). Compared with non-starters (mean ± standard deviation) (7.30 ± 3.57 pg•mL-1) and controls (6.75 ± 1.68 pg•mL-1), serum NFL in starters (8.45 ± 5.90 pg•mL-1) was higher at baseline (mean difference; ±90% confidence interval) (1.69; ± 1.96 pg•mL-1 and 1.15; ± 1.4 pg•mL-1, respectively). Over the course of the season, an increase (effect size [ES] = 1.8; p \< 0.001) was observed post-camp relative to baseline (1.52 ± 1.18 pg•mL-1), which remained elevated until conference play, when a second increase was observed (ES = 2.6; p = 0.008) over baseline (4.82 ± 2.64 pg•mL-1). A lack of change in non-starters resulted in substantial differences between starters and non-starters over the course of the season. These data suggest that a season of collegiate American football is associated with elevations in serum NFL, which is indicative of axonal injury, as a result of head impacts. Copyright © 2016, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.},
keywords = {adult brain injury, axonal injury, Biomarkers, Head trauma, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rhine, T; Babcock, L; Zhang, N; Leach, J; Wade, S L
Are UCH-L1 and GFAP promising biomarkers for children with mild traumatic brain injury? Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1231–1238, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Biomarkers, Concussion, DIAGNOSIS, Paediatric
@article{Rhine2016,
title = {Are UCH-L1 and GFAP promising biomarkers for children with mild traumatic brain injury?},
author = {Rhine, T and Babcock, L and Zhang, N and Leach, J and Wade, S L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1178396},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {10},
pages = {1231--1238},
abstract = {Objectives: To compare serum biomarker levels between children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopaedic injury (OI), acutely following injury. Secondarily, to explore the association between biomarker levels and symptom burden over 1 month post-injury. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of children aged 11\textendash16 years who presented to the emergency department within 6 hours of sustaining mTBI or isolated extremity OI. Serum was drawn at the time of study enrollment and levels of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were analysed. Symptom burden was assessed by the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) acutely following injury and at three subsequent time points over 1 month. Results: Twenty-five children with mTBI and 20 children with OI were enrolled. The average age for the overall cohort was 13 (± 1.6) years and the majority were male and injured playing sports. GFAP levels and PCSS scores were significantly higher acutely following mTBI vs OI (p \< 0.01). There was not a significant group difference in UCH-L1 levels. Neither GFAP nor UCH-L1 were predictive of PCSS scores over the 1month post-injury. Conclusions: GFAP may be a promising diagnostic tool for children with mTBI. Additional approaches are needed to predict symptom severity and persistence. © 2016 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {Biomarkers, Concussion, DIAGNOSIS, Paediatric},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mayer, A R; Ling, J M; Dodd, A B; Gasparovic, C; Klimaj, S D; Meier, T B
A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 1759–1767, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, adult, Article, biological marker, Biomarkers, BRAIN chemistry, brain concussion, brain cortex, brain size, Cerebral Cortex, CHOLINE, clinical article, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), creatine, executive function, Female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, frontal gyrus, glutamic acid, glutamine, human, Humans, Injuries, inositol, Longitudinal, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, martial art, Martial Arts, Memory, middle aged, mixed martial art, n acetylaspartic acid, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex, pathology, posterior cingulate, psychology, repetitive injury, Spectroscopy, volumetrics, white matter, Young Adult
@article{Mayer2015b,
title = {A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters},
author = {Mayer, A R and Ling, J M and Dodd, A B and Gasparovic, C and Klimaj, S D and Meier, T B},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2014.3833},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {22},
pages = {1759--1767},
abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that temporally proximal acute concussions and repetitive subconcussive head injuries may lead to long-term neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms of injury and their relative time-scales are not well documented in human injury models. The current study therefore investigated whether biomarkers of brain chemistry (magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy: N-acetylaspartate [NAA], combined glutamate and glutamine [Glx], total creatine [Cre], choline compounds [Cho], and myo-inositol [mI]) and structure (cortical thickness, white matter [WM]/subcortical volume) differed between mixed martial artists (MMA; n = 13) and matched healthy controls (HC) without a history of contact sport participation (HC; n = 14). A subset of participants (MMA = 9; HC = 10) returned for follow-up visits, with MMA (n = 3) with clinician-documented acute concussions also scanned serially. As expected, MMA self-reported a higher incidence of previous concussions and significantly more cognitive symptoms during prior concussion recovery. Fighters also exhibited reduced memory and processing speed relative to controls on neuropsychological testing coupled with cortical thinning in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right occipital cortex at baseline assessment. Over a 1-year follow-up period, MMA experienced a significant decrease in both WM volume and NAA concentration, as well as relative thinning in the left middle and superior frontal gyri. These longitudinal changes did not correlate with self-reported metrics of injury (i.e., fight diary). In contrast, HC did not exhibit significant longitudinal changes over a 4-month follow-up period (p \> 0.05). Collectively, current results provide preliminary evidence of progressive changes in brain chemistry and structure over a relatively short time period in individuals with high exposure to repetitive head hits. These findings require replication in independent samples. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2015.},
keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Article, biological marker, Biomarkers, BRAIN chemistry, brain concussion, brain cortex, brain size, Cerebral Cortex, CHOLINE, clinical article, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), creatine, executive function, Female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, frontal gyrus, glutamic acid, glutamine, human, Humans, Injuries, inositol, Longitudinal, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, martial art, Martial Arts, Memory, middle aged, mixed martial art, n acetylaspartic acid, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex, pathology, posterior cingulate, psychology, repetitive injury, Spectroscopy, volumetrics, white matter, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Oliver, J M; Jones, M T; Kirk, K M; Gable, D A; Repshas, J T; Johnson, T A; Andréasson, U; Norgren, N; Blennow, K; Zetterberg, H
Serum Neurofilament Light in American Football Athletes over the Course of a Season Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 33, no. 19, pp. 1784–1789, 2016.
@article{Oliver2016,
title = {Serum Neurofilament Light in American Football Athletes over the Course of a Season},
author = {Oliver, J M and Jones, M T and Kirk, K M and Gable, D A and Repshas, J T and Johnson, T A and Andr\'{e}asson, U and Norgren, N and Blennow, K and Zetterberg, H},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2015.4295},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {33},
number = {19},
pages = {1784--1789},
abstract = {Despite being underreported, American football boasts the highest incidence of concussion among all team sports, likely due to exposure to head impacts that vary in number and magnitude over the season. This study compared a biological marker of head trauma in American football athletes with non-contact sport athletes and examined changes over the course of a season. Baseline serum neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) was measured after 9 weeks of no contact and compared with a non-contact sport. Serum NFL was then measured over the course of the entire season at eight time-points coincident with expected changes in likelihood of increased head impacts. Data were compared between starters (n = 11) and non-starters (n = 9). Compared with non-starters (mean ± standard deviation) (7.30 ± 3.57 pg•mL-1) and controls (6.75 ± 1.68 pg•mL-1), serum NFL in starters (8.45 ± 5.90 pg•mL-1) was higher at baseline (mean difference; ±90% confidence interval) (1.69; ± 1.96 pg•mL-1 and 1.15; ± 1.4 pg•mL-1, respectively). Over the course of the season, an increase (effect size [ES] = 1.8; p \< 0.001) was observed post-camp relative to baseline (1.52 ± 1.18 pg•mL-1), which remained elevated until conference play, when a second increase was observed (ES = 2.6; p = 0.008) over baseline (4.82 ± 2.64 pg•mL-1). A lack of change in non-starters resulted in substantial differences between starters and non-starters over the course of the season. These data suggest that a season of collegiate American football is associated with elevations in serum NFL, which is indicative of axonal injury, as a result of head impacts. Copyright © 2016, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rhine, T; Babcock, L; Zhang, N; Leach, J; Wade, S L
Are UCH-L1 and GFAP promising biomarkers for children with mild traumatic brain injury? Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1231–1238, 2016.
@article{Rhine2016,
title = {Are UCH-L1 and GFAP promising biomarkers for children with mild traumatic brain injury?},
author = {Rhine, T and Babcock, L and Zhang, N and Leach, J and Wade, S L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1178396},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {10},
pages = {1231--1238},
abstract = {Objectives: To compare serum biomarker levels between children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopaedic injury (OI), acutely following injury. Secondarily, to explore the association between biomarker levels and symptom burden over 1 month post-injury. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of children aged 11\textendash16 years who presented to the emergency department within 6 hours of sustaining mTBI or isolated extremity OI. Serum was drawn at the time of study enrollment and levels of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were analysed. Symptom burden was assessed by the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) acutely following injury and at three subsequent time points over 1 month. Results: Twenty-five children with mTBI and 20 children with OI were enrolled. The average age for the overall cohort was 13 (± 1.6) years and the majority were male and injured playing sports. GFAP levels and PCSS scores were significantly higher acutely following mTBI vs OI (p \< 0.01). There was not a significant group difference in UCH-L1 levels. Neither GFAP nor UCH-L1 were predictive of PCSS scores over the 1month post-injury. Conclusions: GFAP may be a promising diagnostic tool for children with mTBI. Additional approaches are needed to predict symptom severity and persistence. © 2016 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mayer, A R; Ling, J M; Dodd, A B; Gasparovic, C; Klimaj, S D; Meier, T B
A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 1759–1767, 2015.
@article{Mayer2015b,
title = {A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters},
author = {Mayer, A R and Ling, J M and Dodd, A B and Gasparovic, C and Klimaj, S D and Meier, T B},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2014.3833},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {22},
pages = {1759--1767},
abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that temporally proximal acute concussions and repetitive subconcussive head injuries may lead to long-term neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms of injury and their relative time-scales are not well documented in human injury models. The current study therefore investigated whether biomarkers of brain chemistry (magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy: N-acetylaspartate [NAA], combined glutamate and glutamine [Glx], total creatine [Cre], choline compounds [Cho], and myo-inositol [mI]) and structure (cortical thickness, white matter [WM]/subcortical volume) differed between mixed martial artists (MMA; n = 13) and matched healthy controls (HC) without a history of contact sport participation (HC; n = 14). A subset of participants (MMA = 9; HC = 10) returned for follow-up visits, with MMA (n = 3) with clinician-documented acute concussions also scanned serially. As expected, MMA self-reported a higher incidence of previous concussions and significantly more cognitive symptoms during prior concussion recovery. Fighters also exhibited reduced memory and processing speed relative to controls on neuropsychological testing coupled with cortical thinning in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right occipital cortex at baseline assessment. Over a 1-year follow-up period, MMA experienced a significant decrease in both WM volume and NAA concentration, as well as relative thinning in the left middle and superior frontal gyri. These longitudinal changes did not correlate with self-reported metrics of injury (i.e., fight diary). In contrast, HC did not exhibit significant longitudinal changes over a 4-month follow-up period (p \> 0.05). Collectively, current results provide preliminary evidence of progressive changes in brain chemistry and structure over a relatively short time period in individuals with high exposure to repetitive head hits. These findings require replication in independent samples. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2015.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Oliver, J M; Jones, M T; Kirk, K M; Gable, D A; Repshas, J T; Johnson, T A; Andréasson, U; Norgren, N; Blennow, K; Zetterberg, H
Serum Neurofilament Light in American Football Athletes over the Course of a Season Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 33, no. 19, pp. 1784–1789, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult brain injury, axonal injury, Biomarkers, Head trauma, traumatic brain injury
@article{Oliver2016,
title = {Serum Neurofilament Light in American Football Athletes over the Course of a Season},
author = {Oliver, J M and Jones, M T and Kirk, K M and Gable, D A and Repshas, J T and Johnson, T A and Andr\'{e}asson, U and Norgren, N and Blennow, K and Zetterberg, H},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2015.4295},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {33},
number = {19},
pages = {1784--1789},
abstract = {Despite being underreported, American football boasts the highest incidence of concussion among all team sports, likely due to exposure to head impacts that vary in number and magnitude over the season. This study compared a biological marker of head trauma in American football athletes with non-contact sport athletes and examined changes over the course of a season. Baseline serum neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) was measured after 9 weeks of no contact and compared with a non-contact sport. Serum NFL was then measured over the course of the entire season at eight time-points coincident with expected changes in likelihood of increased head impacts. Data were compared between starters (n = 11) and non-starters (n = 9). Compared with non-starters (mean ± standard deviation) (7.30 ± 3.57 pg•mL-1) and controls (6.75 ± 1.68 pg•mL-1), serum NFL in starters (8.45 ± 5.90 pg•mL-1) was higher at baseline (mean difference; ±90% confidence interval) (1.69; ± 1.96 pg•mL-1 and 1.15; ± 1.4 pg•mL-1, respectively). Over the course of the season, an increase (effect size [ES] = 1.8; p \< 0.001) was observed post-camp relative to baseline (1.52 ± 1.18 pg•mL-1), which remained elevated until conference play, when a second increase was observed (ES = 2.6; p = 0.008) over baseline (4.82 ± 2.64 pg•mL-1). A lack of change in non-starters resulted in substantial differences between starters and non-starters over the course of the season. These data suggest that a season of collegiate American football is associated with elevations in serum NFL, which is indicative of axonal injury, as a result of head impacts. Copyright © 2016, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.},
keywords = {adult brain injury, axonal injury, Biomarkers, Head trauma, traumatic brain injury},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rhine, T; Babcock, L; Zhang, N; Leach, J; Wade, S L
Are UCH-L1 and GFAP promising biomarkers for children with mild traumatic brain injury? Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1231–1238, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Biomarkers, Concussion, DIAGNOSIS, Paediatric
@article{Rhine2016,
title = {Are UCH-L1 and GFAP promising biomarkers for children with mild traumatic brain injury?},
author = {Rhine, T and Babcock, L and Zhang, N and Leach, J and Wade, S L},
doi = {10.1080/02699052.2016.1178396},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {30},
number = {10},
pages = {1231--1238},
abstract = {Objectives: To compare serum biomarker levels between children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopaedic injury (OI), acutely following injury. Secondarily, to explore the association between biomarker levels and symptom burden over 1 month post-injury. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of children aged 11\textendash16 years who presented to the emergency department within 6 hours of sustaining mTBI or isolated extremity OI. Serum was drawn at the time of study enrollment and levels of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were analysed. Symptom burden was assessed by the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) acutely following injury and at three subsequent time points over 1 month. Results: Twenty-five children with mTBI and 20 children with OI were enrolled. The average age for the overall cohort was 13 (± 1.6) years and the majority were male and injured playing sports. GFAP levels and PCSS scores were significantly higher acutely following mTBI vs OI (p \< 0.01). There was not a significant group difference in UCH-L1 levels. Neither GFAP nor UCH-L1 were predictive of PCSS scores over the 1month post-injury. Conclusions: GFAP may be a promising diagnostic tool for children with mTBI. Additional approaches are needed to predict symptom severity and persistence. © 2016 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {Biomarkers, Concussion, DIAGNOSIS, Paediatric},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mayer, A R; Ling, J M; Dodd, A B; Gasparovic, C; Klimaj, S D; Meier, T B
A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 32, no. 22, pp. 1759–1767, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescent, adult, Article, biological marker, Biomarkers, BRAIN chemistry, brain concussion, brain cortex, brain size, Cerebral Cortex, CHOLINE, clinical article, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), creatine, executive function, Female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, frontal gyrus, glutamic acid, glutamine, human, Humans, Injuries, inositol, Longitudinal, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, martial art, Martial Arts, Memory, middle aged, mixed martial art, n acetylaspartic acid, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex, pathology, posterior cingulate, psychology, repetitive injury, Spectroscopy, volumetrics, white matter, Young Adult
@article{Mayer2015b,
title = {A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters},
author = {Mayer, A R and Ling, J M and Dodd, A B and Gasparovic, C and Klimaj, S D and Meier, T B},
doi = {10.1089/neu.2014.3833},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {32},
number = {22},
pages = {1759--1767},
abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that temporally proximal acute concussions and repetitive subconcussive head injuries may lead to long-term neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms of injury and their relative time-scales are not well documented in human injury models. The current study therefore investigated whether biomarkers of brain chemistry (magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy: N-acetylaspartate [NAA], combined glutamate and glutamine [Glx], total creatine [Cre], choline compounds [Cho], and myo-inositol [mI]) and structure (cortical thickness, white matter [WM]/subcortical volume) differed between mixed martial artists (MMA; n = 13) and matched healthy controls (HC) without a history of contact sport participation (HC; n = 14). A subset of participants (MMA = 9; HC = 10) returned for follow-up visits, with MMA (n = 3) with clinician-documented acute concussions also scanned serially. As expected, MMA self-reported a higher incidence of previous concussions and significantly more cognitive symptoms during prior concussion recovery. Fighters also exhibited reduced memory and processing speed relative to controls on neuropsychological testing coupled with cortical thinning in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right occipital cortex at baseline assessment. Over a 1-year follow-up period, MMA experienced a significant decrease in both WM volume and NAA concentration, as well as relative thinning in the left middle and superior frontal gyri. These longitudinal changes did not correlate with self-reported metrics of injury (i.e., fight diary). In contrast, HC did not exhibit significant longitudinal changes over a 4-month follow-up period (p \> 0.05). Collectively, current results provide preliminary evidence of progressive changes in brain chemistry and structure over a relatively short time period in individuals with high exposure to repetitive head hits. These findings require replication in independent samples. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2015.},
keywords = {Adolescent, adult, Article, biological marker, Biomarkers, BRAIN chemistry, brain concussion, brain cortex, brain size, Cerebral Cortex, CHOLINE, clinical article, cognition, Concussion, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), creatine, executive function, Female, follow up, Follow-Up Studies, frontal gyrus, glutamic acid, glutamine, human, Humans, Injuries, inositol, Longitudinal, Longitudinal studies, longitudinal study, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, martial art, Martial Arts, Memory, middle aged, mixed martial art, n acetylaspartic acid, neuropsychological test, Neuropsychological Tests, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, occipital cortex, pathology, posterior cingulate, psychology, repetitive injury, Spectroscopy, volumetrics, white matter, Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}