O'Kane, J W
Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play? Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 190–194, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injury, *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention & Control], Brain Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Brain Injury, Child, Chronic/et [Etiology], Chronic/pc [Prevention & Control], Humans, Risk Factors, UNITED States
@article{OKane2016,
title = {Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play?},
author = {O'Kane, J W},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {44},
number = {2},
pages = {190--194},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soccer is among the most popular youth sports with over 3 million youth players registered in the U.S. Soccer is unique in that players intentionally use their head to strike the ball, leading to concerns that heading could cause acute or chronic brain injury, especially in the immature brains of children. METHODS: Pub Med search without date restriction was conducted in November 2014 and August 2015 using the terms soccer and concussion, heading and concussion, and youth soccer and concussion. 310 articles were identified and reviewed for applicable content specifically relating to youth athletes, heading, and/or acute or chronic brain injury from soccer. RESULTS: Soccer is a low-risk sport for catastrophic head injury, but concussions are relatively common and heading often plays a role. At all levels of play, concussions are more likely to occur in the act of heading than with other facets of the game. While concussion from heading the ball without other contact to the head appears rare in adult players, some data suggests children are more susceptible to concussion from heading primarily in game situations. Contributing factors include biomechanical forces, less developed technique, and the immature brain's susceptibility to injury. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that heading in youth soccer causes any permanent brain injury and there is limited evidence that heading in youth soccer can cause concussion. A reasonable approach based on U.S. Youth Soccer recommendations is to teach heading after age 10 in controlled settings, and heading in games should be delayed until skill acquisition and physical maturity allow the youth player to head correctly with confidence.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injury, *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention \& Control], Brain Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Brain Injury, Child, Chronic/et [Etiology], Chronic/pc [Prevention \& Control], Humans, Risk Factors, UNITED States},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Theobald, P; Whitelegg, L; Nokes, L D; Jones, M D
The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis Journal Article
In: Sports Biomechanics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 29–37, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Accidental Falls, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Poaceae, Risk
@article{Theobald2010,
title = {The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis},
author = {Theobald, P and Whitelegg, L and Nokes, L D and Jones, M D},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Sports Biomechanics},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {29--37},
abstract = {The risk of soccer players sustaining mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) following head impact with a playing surface is unclear. This study investigates MTBI by performing headform impact tests from varying heights onto a range of third-generation artificial turf surfaces. Each turf was prepared as per manufacturers specifications within a laboratory, before being tested immediately following installation and then again after a bedding-in period. Each turf was tested dry and when wetted to saturation. Data from the laboratory tests were compared to an in situ third-generation surface and a professional grass surface. The surface performance threshold was set at a head impact criterion (HIC) = 400, which equates to a 10% risk of the head impact causing MTBI. All six third-generation surfaces had a \> 10% risk of MTBI from a fall \> 0.77 m; the inferior surfaces required a fall from just 0.46 m to have a 10% MTBI risk. Wetting the artificial turf did not produce a statistically significant improvement (P \> 0.01). The in situ third-generation playing surface produced HIC values within the range of bedded-in experimental values. However, the natural turf pitch was the superior performer--necessitating fall heights exceeding those achievable during games to achieve HIC = 400.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Accidental Falls, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Poaceae, Risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Butcher, I; McHugh, G S; Lu, J; Steyerberg, E W; Hernandez, A V; Mushkudiani, N; Maas, A I; Marmarou, A; Murray, G D
Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 281–286, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Accidents, adult, Age Factors, Athletic Injuries/co [Complications], Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], Databases, Factual, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Humans, middle aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, violence
@article{Butcher2007,
title = {Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study},
author = {Butcher, I and McHugh, G S and Lu, J and Steyerberg, E W and Hernandez, A V and Mushkudiani, N and Maas, A I and Marmarou, A and Murray, G D},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {281--286},
abstract = {We aimed to describe and quantify the relationship between cause of injury and final outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Individual patient data (N = 8708) from eight therapeutic Phase III randomized clinical trials in moderate or severe TBI, and three TBI surveys were used to investigate the relationship between cause of injury and outcome, as assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 months. Proportional odds methodology was applied to quantify the strength of the association and expressed as an odds ratio in a meta-analysis. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed and associations with other predictive factors explored. In a univariate analysis, a strong association between the cause of injury and long-term outcome in moderate to severe TBI patients was observed, with consistent results across the studies. Road traffic accidents (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.60-0.73), assaults (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.84), and injuries sustained during sporting or recreational activities (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.71) were all associated with better outcomes than the reference category of falls. Falls were found to be associated with an older age and with a higher incidence of mass lesions. Following adjustment for age in the analysis, the relationship between cause of injury and outcome was lost.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Accidents, adult, Age Factors, Athletic Injuries/co [Complications], Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], Databases, Factual, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Humans, middle aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, violence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLean, A J
Brain injury without head impact? Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 621–625, 1995.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Acceleration, Accidents, autopsy, Brain Injuries/mo [Mortality], cause of death, Head, Humans, Mechanical, Nonpenetrating, Stress, Traffic, Wounds
@article{McLean1995,
title = {Brain injury without head impact?},
author = {McLean, A J},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {621--625},
abstract = {The proposition that acceleration of the brain without direct impact to the head can result in brain injury is examined by reviewing a series of 414 road users who were fatally injured in the vicinity of Adelaide, South Australia. The series comprises 170 pedestrians, 10 pedal cyclists, 143 motorcyclists, and 91 vehicle occupants. In each case a member of the research team attended the autopsy to look for evidence of impact on the body, particularly to the head or face. The brain was examined by a neuropathologist and the type and pattern of injury was recorded. The circumstances of the crash were investigated, including an examination of the crash site and the vehicles involved and, where relevant, interviews with witnesses. In cases involving a motorcyclist the helmet worn was retrieved by the police and assigned to the research unit for examination. Particular attention was paid to the identification of objects causing injury to the head or face and also to objects impacted by a helmet. Brain injury was recorded as a cause of death in 55% of the 403 cases for which there was a clear classification of cause of death. Brain injury, at any level of severity, was identified by a neuropathologist in 86 percent of the 414 fatally injured road users in the sample, including 24 cases that were examined microscopically. There were no cases in which there was an injury to the brain in the absence of evidence of an impact to the head.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Acceleration, Accidents, autopsy, Brain Injuries/mo [Mortality], cause of death, Head, Humans, Mechanical, Nonpenetrating, Stress, Traffic, Wounds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
O'Kane, J W
Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play? Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 190–194, 2016.
@article{OKane2016,
title = {Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play?},
author = {O'Kane, J W},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {44},
number = {2},
pages = {190--194},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soccer is among the most popular youth sports with over 3 million youth players registered in the U.S. Soccer is unique in that players intentionally use their head to strike the ball, leading to concerns that heading could cause acute or chronic brain injury, especially in the immature brains of children. METHODS: Pub Med search without date restriction was conducted in November 2014 and August 2015 using the terms soccer and concussion, heading and concussion, and youth soccer and concussion. 310 articles were identified and reviewed for applicable content specifically relating to youth athletes, heading, and/or acute or chronic brain injury from soccer. RESULTS: Soccer is a low-risk sport for catastrophic head injury, but concussions are relatively common and heading often plays a role. At all levels of play, concussions are more likely to occur in the act of heading than with other facets of the game. While concussion from heading the ball without other contact to the head appears rare in adult players, some data suggests children are more susceptible to concussion from heading primarily in game situations. Contributing factors include biomechanical forces, less developed technique, and the immature brain's susceptibility to injury. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that heading in youth soccer causes any permanent brain injury and there is limited evidence that heading in youth soccer can cause concussion. A reasonable approach based on U.S. Youth Soccer recommendations is to teach heading after age 10 in controlled settings, and heading in games should be delayed until skill acquisition and physical maturity allow the youth player to head correctly with confidence.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Theobald, P; Whitelegg, L; Nokes, L D; Jones, M D
The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis Journal Article
In: Sports Biomechanics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 29–37, 2010.
@article{Theobald2010,
title = {The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis},
author = {Theobald, P and Whitelegg, L and Nokes, L D and Jones, M D},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Sports Biomechanics},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {29--37},
abstract = {The risk of soccer players sustaining mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) following head impact with a playing surface is unclear. This study investigates MTBI by performing headform impact tests from varying heights onto a range of third-generation artificial turf surfaces. Each turf was prepared as per manufacturers specifications within a laboratory, before being tested immediately following installation and then again after a bedding-in period. Each turf was tested dry and when wetted to saturation. Data from the laboratory tests were compared to an in situ third-generation surface and a professional grass surface. The surface performance threshold was set at a head impact criterion (HIC) = 400, which equates to a 10% risk of the head impact causing MTBI. All six third-generation surfaces had a \> 10% risk of MTBI from a fall \> 0.77 m; the inferior surfaces required a fall from just 0.46 m to have a 10% MTBI risk. Wetting the artificial turf did not produce a statistically significant improvement (P \> 0.01). The in situ third-generation playing surface produced HIC values within the range of bedded-in experimental values. However, the natural turf pitch was the superior performer--necessitating fall heights exceeding those achievable during games to achieve HIC = 400.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Butcher, I; McHugh, G S; Lu, J; Steyerberg, E W; Hernandez, A V; Mushkudiani, N; Maas, A I; Marmarou, A; Murray, G D
Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 281–286, 2007.
@article{Butcher2007,
title = {Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study},
author = {Butcher, I and McHugh, G S and Lu, J and Steyerberg, E W and Hernandez, A V and Mushkudiani, N and Maas, A I and Marmarou, A and Murray, G D},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {281--286},
abstract = {We aimed to describe and quantify the relationship between cause of injury and final outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Individual patient data (N = 8708) from eight therapeutic Phase III randomized clinical trials in moderate or severe TBI, and three TBI surveys were used to investigate the relationship between cause of injury and outcome, as assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 months. Proportional odds methodology was applied to quantify the strength of the association and expressed as an odds ratio in a meta-analysis. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed and associations with other predictive factors explored. In a univariate analysis, a strong association between the cause of injury and long-term outcome in moderate to severe TBI patients was observed, with consistent results across the studies. Road traffic accidents (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.60-0.73), assaults (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.84), and injuries sustained during sporting or recreational activities (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.71) were all associated with better outcomes than the reference category of falls. Falls were found to be associated with an older age and with a higher incidence of mass lesions. Following adjustment for age in the analysis, the relationship between cause of injury and outcome was lost.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLean, A J
Brain injury without head impact? Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 621–625, 1995.
@article{McLean1995,
title = {Brain injury without head impact?},
author = {McLean, A J},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {621--625},
abstract = {The proposition that acceleration of the brain without direct impact to the head can result in brain injury is examined by reviewing a series of 414 road users who were fatally injured in the vicinity of Adelaide, South Australia. The series comprises 170 pedestrians, 10 pedal cyclists, 143 motorcyclists, and 91 vehicle occupants. In each case a member of the research team attended the autopsy to look for evidence of impact on the body, particularly to the head or face. The brain was examined by a neuropathologist and the type and pattern of injury was recorded. The circumstances of the crash were investigated, including an examination of the crash site and the vehicles involved and, where relevant, interviews with witnesses. In cases involving a motorcyclist the helmet worn was retrieved by the police and assigned to the research unit for examination. Particular attention was paid to the identification of objects causing injury to the head or face and also to objects impacted by a helmet. Brain injury was recorded as a cause of death in 55% of the 403 cases for which there was a clear classification of cause of death. Brain injury, at any level of severity, was identified by a neuropathologist in 86 percent of the 414 fatally injured road users in the sample, including 24 cases that were examined microscopically. There were no cases in which there was an injury to the brain in the absence of evidence of an impact to the head.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
O'Kane, J W
Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play? Journal Article
In: Physician & Sportsmedicine, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 190–194, 2016.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injury, *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention & Control], Brain Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Brain Injury, Child, Chronic/et [Etiology], Chronic/pc [Prevention & Control], Humans, Risk Factors, UNITED States
@article{OKane2016,
title = {Is Heading in Youth Soccer Dangerous Play?},
author = {O'Kane, J W},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Physician \& Sportsmedicine},
volume = {44},
number = {2},
pages = {190--194},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Soccer is among the most popular youth sports with over 3 million youth players registered in the U.S. Soccer is unique in that players intentionally use their head to strike the ball, leading to concerns that heading could cause acute or chronic brain injury, especially in the immature brains of children. METHODS: Pub Med search without date restriction was conducted in November 2014 and August 2015 using the terms soccer and concussion, heading and concussion, and youth soccer and concussion. 310 articles were identified and reviewed for applicable content specifically relating to youth athletes, heading, and/or acute or chronic brain injury from soccer. RESULTS: Soccer is a low-risk sport for catastrophic head injury, but concussions are relatively common and heading often plays a role. At all levels of play, concussions are more likely to occur in the act of heading than with other facets of the game. While concussion from heading the ball without other contact to the head appears rare in adult players, some data suggests children are more susceptible to concussion from heading primarily in game situations. Contributing factors include biomechanical forces, less developed technique, and the immature brain's susceptibility to injury. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence that heading in youth soccer causes any permanent brain injury and there is limited evidence that heading in youth soccer can cause concussion. A reasonable approach based on U.S. Youth Soccer recommendations is to teach heading after age 10 in controlled settings, and heading in games should be delayed until skill acquisition and physical maturity allow the youth player to head correctly with confidence.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injury, *Soccer/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Brain Concussion/et [Etiology], Brain Concussion/pc [Prevention \& Control], Brain Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Brain Injury, Child, Chronic/et [Etiology], Chronic/pc [Prevention \& Control], Humans, Risk Factors, UNITED States},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Theobald, P; Whitelegg, L; Nokes, L D; Jones, M D
The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis Journal Article
In: Sports Biomechanics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 29–37, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Accidental Falls, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Poaceae, Risk
@article{Theobald2010,
title = {The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis},
author = {Theobald, P and Whitelegg, L and Nokes, L D and Jones, M D},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Sports Biomechanics},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {29--37},
abstract = {The risk of soccer players sustaining mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) following head impact with a playing surface is unclear. This study investigates MTBI by performing headform impact tests from varying heights onto a range of third-generation artificial turf surfaces. Each turf was prepared as per manufacturers specifications within a laboratory, before being tested immediately following installation and then again after a bedding-in period. Each turf was tested dry and when wetted to saturation. Data from the laboratory tests were compared to an in situ third-generation surface and a professional grass surface. The surface performance threshold was set at a head impact criterion (HIC) = 400, which equates to a 10% risk of the head impact causing MTBI. All six third-generation surfaces had a \> 10% risk of MTBI from a fall \> 0.77 m; the inferior surfaces required a fall from just 0.46 m to have a 10% MTBI risk. Wetting the artificial turf did not produce a statistically significant improvement (P \> 0.01). The in situ third-generation playing surface produced HIC values within the range of bedded-in experimental values. However, the natural turf pitch was the superior performer--necessitating fall heights exceeding those achievable during games to achieve HIC = 400.},
keywords = {*Athletic Injuries/et [Etiology], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], *Soccer/in [Injuries], Accidental Falls, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Poaceae, Risk},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Butcher, I; McHugh, G S; Lu, J; Steyerberg, E W; Hernandez, A V; Mushkudiani, N; Maas, A I; Marmarou, A; Murray, G D
Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 281–286, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Accidents, adult, Age Factors, Athletic Injuries/co [Complications], Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], Databases, Factual, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Humans, middle aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, violence
@article{Butcher2007,
title = {Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study},
author = {Butcher, I and McHugh, G S and Lu, J and Steyerberg, E W and Hernandez, A V and Mushkudiani, N and Maas, A I and Marmarou, A and Murray, G D},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {281--286},
abstract = {We aimed to describe and quantify the relationship between cause of injury and final outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Individual patient data (N = 8708) from eight therapeutic Phase III randomized clinical trials in moderate or severe TBI, and three TBI surveys were used to investigate the relationship between cause of injury and outcome, as assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 6 months. Proportional odds methodology was applied to quantify the strength of the association and expressed as an odds ratio in a meta-analysis. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed and associations with other predictive factors explored. In a univariate analysis, a strong association between the cause of injury and long-term outcome in moderate to severe TBI patients was observed, with consistent results across the studies. Road traffic accidents (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.60-0.73), assaults (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52-0.84), and injuries sustained during sporting or recreational activities (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.71) were all associated with better outcomes than the reference category of falls. Falls were found to be associated with an older age and with a higher incidence of mass lesions. Following adjustment for age in the analysis, the relationship between cause of injury and outcome was lost.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/di [Diagnosis], *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Accidents, adult, Age Factors, Athletic Injuries/co [Complications], Athletic Injuries/di [Diagnosis], Databases, Factual, Glasgow Outcome Scale, Humans, middle aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, violence},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McLean, A J
Brain injury without head impact? Journal Article
In: Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 621–625, 1995.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Acceleration, Accidents, autopsy, Brain Injuries/mo [Mortality], cause of death, Head, Humans, Mechanical, Nonpenetrating, Stress, Traffic, Wounds
@article{McLean1995,
title = {Brain injury without head impact?},
author = {McLean, A J},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neurotrauma},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {621--625},
abstract = {The proposition that acceleration of the brain without direct impact to the head can result in brain injury is examined by reviewing a series of 414 road users who were fatally injured in the vicinity of Adelaide, South Australia. The series comprises 170 pedestrians, 10 pedal cyclists, 143 motorcyclists, and 91 vehicle occupants. In each case a member of the research team attended the autopsy to look for evidence of impact on the body, particularly to the head or face. The brain was examined by a neuropathologist and the type and pattern of injury was recorded. The circumstances of the crash were investigated, including an examination of the crash site and the vehicles involved and, where relevant, interviews with witnesses. In cases involving a motorcyclist the helmet worn was retrieved by the police and assigned to the research unit for examination. Particular attention was paid to the identification of objects causing injury to the head or face and also to objects impacted by a helmet. Brain injury was recorded as a cause of death in 55% of the 403 cases for which there was a clear classification of cause of death. Brain injury, at any level of severity, was identified by a neuropathologist in 86 percent of the 414 fatally injured road users in the sample, including 24 cases that were examined microscopically. There were no cases in which there was an injury to the brain in the absence of evidence of an impact to the head.},
keywords = {*Brain Injuries/et [Etiology], Acceleration, Accidents, autopsy, Brain Injuries/mo [Mortality], cause of death, Head, Humans, Mechanical, Nonpenetrating, Stress, Traffic, Wounds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}