Papa, L; Brophy, G M; Welch, R D; Lewis, L M; Braga, C F; Tan, C N; Ameli, N J; Lopez, M A; Haeussler, C A; Mendez Giordano, D I; Silvestri, S; Giordano, P; Weber, K D; Hill-Pryor, C; Hack, D C
In: JAMA Neurology, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 551–560, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, aged, American Indian, amnesia, area under the curve, Article, Asian, assault, bicycle, Black person, blood sampling, blunt trauma, brain concussion, Caucasian, cohort analysis, computer assisted tomography, controlled study, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic test accuracy study, disorientation, emergency ward, falling, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Hispanic, human, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, major clinical study, Male, mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, neurosurgery, pedestrian, priority journal, prospective study, sport injury, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury, traumatic intracranial lesion, ubiquitin, ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase L1, unclassified drug, unconsciousness, very elderly
@article{Papa2016a,
title = {Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Papa, L and Brophy, G M and Welch, R D and Lewis, L M and Braga, C F and Tan, C N and Ameli, N J and Lopez, M A and Haeussler, C A and {Mendez Giordano}, D I and Silvestri, S and Giordano, P and Weber, K D and Hill-Pryor, C and Hack, D C},
doi = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0039},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {JAMA Neurology},
volume = {73},
number = {5},
pages = {551--560},
abstract = {Importance: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) have been widely studied and show promise for clinical usefulness in suspected traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion. Understanding their diagnostic accuracy over time will help translate them into clinical practice. Objectives: To evaluate the temporal profiles of GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients seen at the emergency department and to assess their diagnostic accuracy over time, both individually and in combination, for detecting mild to moderate TBI (MMTBI), traumatic intracranial lesions on head computed tomography (CT), and neurosurgical intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study enrolled adult trauma patients seen at a level I trauma center from March 1, 2010, to March 5, 2014. All patients underwent rigorous screening to determine whether they had experienced an MMTBI (blunt head trauma with loss of consciousness, amnesia, or disorientation and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9-15). Of 3025 trauma patients assessed, 1030 met eligibility criteria for enrollment, and 446 declined participation. Initial blood samples were obtained in 584 patients enrolled within 4 hours of injury. Repeated blood sampling was conducted at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, and 180 hours after injury. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnosis of MMTBI, presence of traumatic intracranial lesions on head CT scan, and neurosurgical intervention. Results: A total of 1831 blood samples were drawn from 584 patients (mean [SD] age, 40 [16] years; 62.0%[362 of 584] male) over 7 days. Both GFAP and UCH-L1 were detectible within 1 hour of injury. GFAP peaked at 20 hours after injury and slowly declined over 72 hours. UCH-L1 rose rapidly and peaked at 8 hours after injury and declined rapidly over 48 hours. Over the course of 1 week, GFAP demonstrated a diagnostic range of areas under the curve for detecting MMTBI of 0.73 (95%CI, 0.69-0.77) to 0.94 (95%CI, 0.78-1.00), and UCH-L1 demonstrated a diagnostic range of 0.30 (95%CI, 0.02-0.50) to 0.67 (95%CI, 0.53-0.81). For detecting intracranial lesions on CT, the diagnostic ranges of areas under the curve were 0.80 (95%CI, 0.67-0.92) to 0.97 (95%CI, 0.93-1.00)for GFAP and 0.31 (95%CI, 0-0.63) to 0.77 (95%CI, 0.68-0.85) for UCH-L1. For distinguishing patients with and without a neurosurgical intervention, the range for GFAP was 0.91 (95%CI, 0.79-1.00) to 1.00 (95% CI, 1.00-1.00), and the range for UCH-L1 was 0.50 (95%CI, 0-1.00) to 0.92 (95%CI, 0.83-1.00). Conclusions and Relevance: GFAP performed consistently in detecting MMTBI, CT lesions, and neurosurgical intervention across 7 days. UCH-L1 performed best in the early postinjury period. © Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {adult, aged, American Indian, amnesia, area under the curve, Article, Asian, assault, bicycle, Black person, blood sampling, blunt trauma, brain concussion, Caucasian, cohort analysis, computer assisted tomography, controlled study, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic test accuracy study, disorientation, emergency ward, falling, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Hispanic, human, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, major clinical study, Male, mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, neurosurgery, pedestrian, priority journal, prospective study, sport injury, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury, traumatic intracranial lesion, ubiquitin, ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase L1, unclassified drug, unconsciousness, very elderly},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lawrence, D W; Comper, P; Hutchison, M G; Sharma, B
The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1018–1031, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over, aged, allele, Alleles, Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, APOE, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein E4, Article, athlete, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, clinical evaluation, cognition, cognitive defect, disease severity, Female, follow up, genetic association, genetic risk, genetics, GENOTYPE, Glasgow Outcome Scale, heterozygote, histopathology, homozygote, human, Humans, Incidence, injury severity, Male, Memory, nerve cell necrosis, neuropathology, Neuroprotection, outcome assessment, pediatrics, Prevalence, Prognosis, prognostic assessment, protein function, psychologic test, psychology, Recovery, scoring system, Systematic Review, tau protein, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, very elderly, Wechsler Intelligence Scale
@article{Lawrence2015,
title = {The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review},
author = {Lawrence, D W and Comper, P and Hutchison, M G and Sharma, B},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1005131},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1018--1031},
abstract = {Background: The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has emerged as a candidate for prognosticating traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery, with APOE$epsilon$4 identified as a susceptibility marker for poor outcome, despite large discrepancy in its reported influence post-TBI.Methods: A systematic review was conducted, including all primary articles investigating the role of APOE$epsilon$4 on TBI outcome. A total of 65 studies were included, including 24 predominantly investigating mild (mTBI), seven moderate (modTBI) and 33 severe (sTBI); severity was not reported in one study.Results: In mTBI studies, the association between APOE$epsilon$4 and post-TBI outcome was concluded as non-contributory in 14 studies (58.3%), hazardous in nine (37.5%) and protective in one (4.2%). In sTBI studies, the role of APOE$epsilon$4 was hazardous in 21 (63.6%), non-contributory in nine (27.3%) and protective in three (9.1%). Of the seven studies investigating dementia outcomes, four observed a hazardous association with APOE$epsilon$4, while three reported no association. Six studies examined Alzheimers dementia pathology, of which three reported a hazardous influence of APOE$epsilon$4.Conclusions: The influence of APOE$epsilon$4 on neuropsychological testing, functional outcome and in paediatric populations was incongruous. This review supports the majority of research indicating APOE$epsilon$4 adversely influences recovery following TBI, particularly with respect to dementia-related outcomes and outcomes following sTBI. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {80 and over, aged, allele, Alleles, Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, APOE, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein E4, Article, athlete, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, clinical evaluation, cognition, cognitive defect, disease severity, Female, follow up, genetic association, genetic risk, genetics, GENOTYPE, Glasgow Outcome Scale, heterozygote, histopathology, homozygote, human, Humans, Incidence, injury severity, Male, Memory, nerve cell necrosis, neuropathology, Neuroprotection, outcome assessment, pediatrics, Prevalence, Prognosis, prognostic assessment, protein function, psychologic test, psychology, Recovery, scoring system, Systematic Review, tau protein, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, very elderly, Wechsler Intelligence Scale},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Papa, L; Brophy, G M; Welch, R D; Lewis, L M; Braga, C F; Tan, C N; Ameli, N J; Lopez, M A; Haeussler, C A; Mendez Giordano, D I; Silvestri, S; Giordano, P; Weber, K D; Hill-Pryor, C; Hack, D C
In: JAMA Neurology, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 551–560, 2016.
@article{Papa2016a,
title = {Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Papa, L and Brophy, G M and Welch, R D and Lewis, L M and Braga, C F and Tan, C N and Ameli, N J and Lopez, M A and Haeussler, C A and {Mendez Giordano}, D I and Silvestri, S and Giordano, P and Weber, K D and Hill-Pryor, C and Hack, D C},
doi = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0039},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {JAMA Neurology},
volume = {73},
number = {5},
pages = {551--560},
abstract = {Importance: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) have been widely studied and show promise for clinical usefulness in suspected traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion. Understanding their diagnostic accuracy over time will help translate them into clinical practice. Objectives: To evaluate the temporal profiles of GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients seen at the emergency department and to assess their diagnostic accuracy over time, both individually and in combination, for detecting mild to moderate TBI (MMTBI), traumatic intracranial lesions on head computed tomography (CT), and neurosurgical intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study enrolled adult trauma patients seen at a level I trauma center from March 1, 2010, to March 5, 2014. All patients underwent rigorous screening to determine whether they had experienced an MMTBI (blunt head trauma with loss of consciousness, amnesia, or disorientation and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9-15). Of 3025 trauma patients assessed, 1030 met eligibility criteria for enrollment, and 446 declined participation. Initial blood samples were obtained in 584 patients enrolled within 4 hours of injury. Repeated blood sampling was conducted at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, and 180 hours after injury. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnosis of MMTBI, presence of traumatic intracranial lesions on head CT scan, and neurosurgical intervention. Results: A total of 1831 blood samples were drawn from 584 patients (mean [SD] age, 40 [16] years; 62.0%[362 of 584] male) over 7 days. Both GFAP and UCH-L1 were detectible within 1 hour of injury. GFAP peaked at 20 hours after injury and slowly declined over 72 hours. UCH-L1 rose rapidly and peaked at 8 hours after injury and declined rapidly over 48 hours. Over the course of 1 week, GFAP demonstrated a diagnostic range of areas under the curve for detecting MMTBI of 0.73 (95%CI, 0.69-0.77) to 0.94 (95%CI, 0.78-1.00), and UCH-L1 demonstrated a diagnostic range of 0.30 (95%CI, 0.02-0.50) to 0.67 (95%CI, 0.53-0.81). For detecting intracranial lesions on CT, the diagnostic ranges of areas under the curve were 0.80 (95%CI, 0.67-0.92) to 0.97 (95%CI, 0.93-1.00)for GFAP and 0.31 (95%CI, 0-0.63) to 0.77 (95%CI, 0.68-0.85) for UCH-L1. For distinguishing patients with and without a neurosurgical intervention, the range for GFAP was 0.91 (95%CI, 0.79-1.00) to 1.00 (95% CI, 1.00-1.00), and the range for UCH-L1 was 0.50 (95%CI, 0-1.00) to 0.92 (95%CI, 0.83-1.00). Conclusions and Relevance: GFAP performed consistently in detecting MMTBI, CT lesions, and neurosurgical intervention across 7 days. UCH-L1 performed best in the early postinjury period. © Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lawrence, D W; Comper, P; Hutchison, M G; Sharma, B
The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1018–1031, 2015.
@article{Lawrence2015,
title = {The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review},
author = {Lawrence, D W and Comper, P and Hutchison, M G and Sharma, B},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1005131},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1018--1031},
abstract = {Background: The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has emerged as a candidate for prognosticating traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery, with APOE$epsilon$4 identified as a susceptibility marker for poor outcome, despite large discrepancy in its reported influence post-TBI.Methods: A systematic review was conducted, including all primary articles investigating the role of APOE$epsilon$4 on TBI outcome. A total of 65 studies were included, including 24 predominantly investigating mild (mTBI), seven moderate (modTBI) and 33 severe (sTBI); severity was not reported in one study.Results: In mTBI studies, the association between APOE$epsilon$4 and post-TBI outcome was concluded as non-contributory in 14 studies (58.3%), hazardous in nine (37.5%) and protective in one (4.2%). In sTBI studies, the role of APOE$epsilon$4 was hazardous in 21 (63.6%), non-contributory in nine (27.3%) and protective in three (9.1%). Of the seven studies investigating dementia outcomes, four observed a hazardous association with APOE$epsilon$4, while three reported no association. Six studies examined Alzheimers dementia pathology, of which three reported a hazardous influence of APOE$epsilon$4.Conclusions: The influence of APOE$epsilon$4 on neuropsychological testing, functional outcome and in paediatric populations was incongruous. This review supports the majority of research indicating APOE$epsilon$4 adversely influences recovery following TBI, particularly with respect to dementia-related outcomes and outcomes following sTBI. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Papa, L; Brophy, G M; Welch, R D; Lewis, L M; Braga, C F; Tan, C N; Ameli, N J; Lopez, M A; Haeussler, C A; Mendez Giordano, D I; Silvestri, S; Giordano, P; Weber, K D; Hill-Pryor, C; Hack, D C
In: JAMA Neurology, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 551–560, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: adult, aged, American Indian, amnesia, area under the curve, Article, Asian, assault, bicycle, Black person, blood sampling, blunt trauma, brain concussion, Caucasian, cohort analysis, computer assisted tomography, controlled study, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic test accuracy study, disorientation, emergency ward, falling, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Hispanic, human, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, major clinical study, Male, mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, neurosurgery, pedestrian, priority journal, prospective study, sport injury, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury, traumatic intracranial lesion, ubiquitin, ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase L1, unclassified drug, unconsciousness, very elderly
@article{Papa2016a,
title = {Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury},
author = {Papa, L and Brophy, G M and Welch, R D and Lewis, L M and Braga, C F and Tan, C N and Ameli, N J and Lopez, M A and Haeussler, C A and {Mendez Giordano}, D I and Silvestri, S and Giordano, P and Weber, K D and Hill-Pryor, C and Hack, D C},
doi = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0039},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {JAMA Neurology},
volume = {73},
number = {5},
pages = {551--560},
abstract = {Importance: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) have been widely studied and show promise for clinical usefulness in suspected traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion. Understanding their diagnostic accuracy over time will help translate them into clinical practice. Objectives: To evaluate the temporal profiles of GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients seen at the emergency department and to assess their diagnostic accuracy over time, both individually and in combination, for detecting mild to moderate TBI (MMTBI), traumatic intracranial lesions on head computed tomography (CT), and neurosurgical intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study enrolled adult trauma patients seen at a level I trauma center from March 1, 2010, to March 5, 2014. All patients underwent rigorous screening to determine whether they had experienced an MMTBI (blunt head trauma with loss of consciousness, amnesia, or disorientation and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9-15). Of 3025 trauma patients assessed, 1030 met eligibility criteria for enrollment, and 446 declined participation. Initial blood samples were obtained in 584 patients enrolled within 4 hours of injury. Repeated blood sampling was conducted at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, and 180 hours after injury. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnosis of MMTBI, presence of traumatic intracranial lesions on head CT scan, and neurosurgical intervention. Results: A total of 1831 blood samples were drawn from 584 patients (mean [SD] age, 40 [16] years; 62.0%[362 of 584] male) over 7 days. Both GFAP and UCH-L1 were detectible within 1 hour of injury. GFAP peaked at 20 hours after injury and slowly declined over 72 hours. UCH-L1 rose rapidly and peaked at 8 hours after injury and declined rapidly over 48 hours. Over the course of 1 week, GFAP demonstrated a diagnostic range of areas under the curve for detecting MMTBI of 0.73 (95%CI, 0.69-0.77) to 0.94 (95%CI, 0.78-1.00), and UCH-L1 demonstrated a diagnostic range of 0.30 (95%CI, 0.02-0.50) to 0.67 (95%CI, 0.53-0.81). For detecting intracranial lesions on CT, the diagnostic ranges of areas under the curve were 0.80 (95%CI, 0.67-0.92) to 0.97 (95%CI, 0.93-1.00)for GFAP and 0.31 (95%CI, 0-0.63) to 0.77 (95%CI, 0.68-0.85) for UCH-L1. For distinguishing patients with and without a neurosurgical intervention, the range for GFAP was 0.91 (95%CI, 0.79-1.00) to 1.00 (95% CI, 1.00-1.00), and the range for UCH-L1 was 0.50 (95%CI, 0-1.00) to 0.92 (95%CI, 0.83-1.00). Conclusions and Relevance: GFAP performed consistently in detecting MMTBI, CT lesions, and neurosurgical intervention across 7 days. UCH-L1 performed best in the early postinjury period. © Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {adult, aged, American Indian, amnesia, area under the curve, Article, Asian, assault, bicycle, Black person, blood sampling, blunt trauma, brain concussion, Caucasian, cohort analysis, computer assisted tomography, controlled study, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic test accuracy study, disorientation, emergency ward, falling, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, glial fibrillary acidic protein, Hispanic, human, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, major clinical study, Male, mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, neurosurgery, pedestrian, priority journal, prospective study, sport injury, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury, traumatic intracranial lesion, ubiquitin, ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase L1, unclassified drug, unconsciousness, very elderly},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lawrence, D W; Comper, P; Hutchison, M G; Sharma, B
The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review Journal Article
In: Brain Injury, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 1018–1031, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 80 and over, aged, allele, Alleles, Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, APOE, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein E4, Article, athlete, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, clinical evaluation, cognition, cognitive defect, disease severity, Female, follow up, genetic association, genetic risk, genetics, GENOTYPE, Glasgow Outcome Scale, heterozygote, histopathology, homozygote, human, Humans, Incidence, injury severity, Male, Memory, nerve cell necrosis, neuropathology, Neuroprotection, outcome assessment, pediatrics, Prevalence, Prognosis, prognostic assessment, protein function, psychologic test, psychology, Recovery, scoring system, Systematic Review, tau protein, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, very elderly, Wechsler Intelligence Scale
@article{Lawrence2015,
title = {The role of apolipoprotein E episilon ($epsilon$)-4 allele on outcome following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review},
author = {Lawrence, D W and Comper, P and Hutchison, M G and Sharma, B},
doi = {10.3109/02699052.2015.1005131},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Brain Injury},
volume = {29},
number = {9},
pages = {1018--1031},
abstract = {Background: The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has emerged as a candidate for prognosticating traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery, with APOE$epsilon$4 identified as a susceptibility marker for poor outcome, despite large discrepancy in its reported influence post-TBI.Methods: A systematic review was conducted, including all primary articles investigating the role of APOE$epsilon$4 on TBI outcome. A total of 65 studies were included, including 24 predominantly investigating mild (mTBI), seven moderate (modTBI) and 33 severe (sTBI); severity was not reported in one study.Results: In mTBI studies, the association between APOE$epsilon$4 and post-TBI outcome was concluded as non-contributory in 14 studies (58.3%), hazardous in nine (37.5%) and protective in one (4.2%). In sTBI studies, the role of APOE$epsilon$4 was hazardous in 21 (63.6%), non-contributory in nine (27.3%) and protective in three (9.1%). Of the seven studies investigating dementia outcomes, four observed a hazardous association with APOE$epsilon$4, while three reported no association. Six studies examined Alzheimers dementia pathology, of which three reported a hazardous influence of APOE$epsilon$4.Conclusions: The influence of APOE$epsilon$4 on neuropsychological testing, functional outcome and in paediatric populations was incongruous. This review supports the majority of research indicating APOE$epsilon$4 adversely influences recovery following TBI, particularly with respect to dementia-related outcomes and outcomes following sTBI. © 2015 Taylor \& Francis Group, LLC.},
keywords = {80 and over, aged, allele, Alleles, Alzheimer disease, amyloid beta protein, APOE, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein E4, Article, athlete, brain concussion, Brain Injuries, clinical evaluation, cognition, cognitive defect, disease severity, Female, follow up, genetic association, genetic risk, genetics, GENOTYPE, Glasgow Outcome Scale, heterozygote, histopathology, homozygote, human, Humans, Incidence, injury severity, Male, Memory, nerve cell necrosis, neuropathology, Neuroprotection, outcome assessment, pediatrics, Prevalence, Prognosis, prognostic assessment, protein function, psychologic test, psychology, Recovery, scoring system, Systematic Review, tau protein, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, very elderly, Wechsler Intelligence Scale},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}