Krolikowski, Maciej P; Black, Amanda M; Palacios-Derflingher, Luz; Blake, Tracy A; Schneider, Kathryn J; Emery, Carolyn A
The Effect of the "Zero Tolerance for Head Contact" Rule Change on the Risk of Concussions in Youth Ice Hockey Players Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 468–473, 2017, ISBN: 03635465.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: child and adolescent, Concussion, ice hockey, Injury prevention
@article{Krolikowski2017,
title = {The Effect of the "Zero Tolerance for Head Contact" Rule Change on the Risk of Concussions in Youth Ice Hockey Players},
author = {Krolikowski, Maciej P and Black, Amanda M and Palacios-Derflingher, Luz and Blake, Tracy A and Schneider, Kathryn J and Emery, Carolyn A},
doi = {10.1177/0363546516669701},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {468--473},
abstract = {Background: Ice hockey is a popular winter sport in Canada. Concussions account for the greatest proportion of all injuries in youth ice hockey. In 2011, a policy change enforcing "zero tolerance for head contact" was implemented in all leagues in Canada. Purpose: To determine if the risk of game-related concussions and more severe concussions (ie, resulting in \>10 days of time loss) and the mechanisms of a concussion differed for Pee Wee class (ages 11-12 years) and Bantam class (ages 13-14 years) players after the 2011 "zero tolerance for head contact" policy change compared with players in similar divisions before the policy change. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The retrospective cohort included Pee Wee (most elite 70%, 2007-2008; n = 891) and Bantam (most elite 30%, 2008-2009; n = 378) players before the rule change and Pee Wee (2011-2012; n = 588) and Bantam (2011-2012; n = 242) players in the same levels of play after the policy change. Suspected concussions were identified by a team designate and referred to a sport medicine physician for diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated based on multiple Poisson regression analysis, controlling for clustering by team and other important covariates and offset by game-exposure hours. Incidence rates based on the mechanisms of a concussion were estimated based on univariate Poisson regression analysis. Results: The risk of game-related concussions increased after the head contact rule in Pee Wee (IRR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.20-2.86) and Bantam (IRR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.17-5.24) players. The risk of more severe concussions increased after the head contact rule in Pee Wee (IRR, 4.12; 95% CI, 2.00-8.50) and Bantam (IRR, 7.91; 95% CI, 3.13-19.94) players. The rates of concussions due to body checking and direct head contact increased after the rule change. Conclusion: The "zero tolerance for head contact" policy change did not reduce the risk of game-related concussions in Pee Wee or Bantam class ice hockey players. Increased concussion awareness and education after the policy change may have contributed to the increased risk of concussions found after the policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {child and adolescent, Concussion, ice hockey, Injury prevention},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Krolikowski, Maciej P; Black, Amanda M; Palacios-Derflingher, Luz; Blake, Tracy A; Schneider, Kathryn J; Emery, Carolyn A
The Effect of the "Zero Tolerance for Head Contact" Rule Change on the Risk of Concussions in Youth Ice Hockey Players Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 468–473, 2017, ISBN: 03635465.
@article{Krolikowski2017,
title = {The Effect of the "Zero Tolerance for Head Contact" Rule Change on the Risk of Concussions in Youth Ice Hockey Players},
author = {Krolikowski, Maciej P and Black, Amanda M and Palacios-Derflingher, Luz and Blake, Tracy A and Schneider, Kathryn J and Emery, Carolyn A},
doi = {10.1177/0363546516669701},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {468--473},
abstract = {Background: Ice hockey is a popular winter sport in Canada. Concussions account for the greatest proportion of all injuries in youth ice hockey. In 2011, a policy change enforcing "zero tolerance for head contact" was implemented in all leagues in Canada. Purpose: To determine if the risk of game-related concussions and more severe concussions (ie, resulting in \>10 days of time loss) and the mechanisms of a concussion differed for Pee Wee class (ages 11-12 years) and Bantam class (ages 13-14 years) players after the 2011 "zero tolerance for head contact" policy change compared with players in similar divisions before the policy change. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The retrospective cohort included Pee Wee (most elite 70%, 2007-2008; n = 891) and Bantam (most elite 30%, 2008-2009; n = 378) players before the rule change and Pee Wee (2011-2012; n = 588) and Bantam (2011-2012; n = 242) players in the same levels of play after the policy change. Suspected concussions were identified by a team designate and referred to a sport medicine physician for diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated based on multiple Poisson regression analysis, controlling for clustering by team and other important covariates and offset by game-exposure hours. Incidence rates based on the mechanisms of a concussion were estimated based on univariate Poisson regression analysis. Results: The risk of game-related concussions increased after the head contact rule in Pee Wee (IRR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.20-2.86) and Bantam (IRR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.17-5.24) players. The risk of more severe concussions increased after the head contact rule in Pee Wee (IRR, 4.12; 95% CI, 2.00-8.50) and Bantam (IRR, 7.91; 95% CI, 3.13-19.94) players. The rates of concussions due to body checking and direct head contact increased after the rule change. Conclusion: The "zero tolerance for head contact" policy change did not reduce the risk of game-related concussions in Pee Wee or Bantam class ice hockey players. Increased concussion awareness and education after the policy change may have contributed to the increased risk of concussions found after the policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Krolikowski, Maciej P; Black, Amanda M; Palacios-Derflingher, Luz; Blake, Tracy A; Schneider, Kathryn J; Emery, Carolyn A
The Effect of the "Zero Tolerance for Head Contact" Rule Change on the Risk of Concussions in Youth Ice Hockey Players Journal Article
In: American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 468–473, 2017, ISBN: 03635465.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: child and adolescent, Concussion, ice hockey, Injury prevention
@article{Krolikowski2017,
title = {The Effect of the "Zero Tolerance for Head Contact" Rule Change on the Risk of Concussions in Youth Ice Hockey Players},
author = {Krolikowski, Maciej P and Black, Amanda M and Palacios-Derflingher, Luz and Blake, Tracy A and Schneider, Kathryn J and Emery, Carolyn A},
doi = {10.1177/0363546516669701},
isbn = {03635465},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {2},
pages = {468--473},
abstract = {Background: Ice hockey is a popular winter sport in Canada. Concussions account for the greatest proportion of all injuries in youth ice hockey. In 2011, a policy change enforcing "zero tolerance for head contact" was implemented in all leagues in Canada. Purpose: To determine if the risk of game-related concussions and more severe concussions (ie, resulting in \>10 days of time loss) and the mechanisms of a concussion differed for Pee Wee class (ages 11-12 years) and Bantam class (ages 13-14 years) players after the 2011 "zero tolerance for head contact" policy change compared with players in similar divisions before the policy change. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The retrospective cohort included Pee Wee (most elite 70%, 2007-2008; n = 891) and Bantam (most elite 30%, 2008-2009; n = 378) players before the rule change and Pee Wee (2011-2012; n = 588) and Bantam (2011-2012; n = 242) players in the same levels of play after the policy change. Suspected concussions were identified by a team designate and referred to a sport medicine physician for diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated based on multiple Poisson regression analysis, controlling for clustering by team and other important covariates and offset by game-exposure hours. Incidence rates based on the mechanisms of a concussion were estimated based on univariate Poisson regression analysis. Results: The risk of game-related concussions increased after the head contact rule in Pee Wee (IRR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.20-2.86) and Bantam (IRR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.17-5.24) players. The risk of more severe concussions increased after the head contact rule in Pee Wee (IRR, 4.12; 95% CI, 2.00-8.50) and Bantam (IRR, 7.91; 95% CI, 3.13-19.94) players. The rates of concussions due to body checking and direct head contact increased after the rule change. Conclusion: The "zero tolerance for head contact" policy change did not reduce the risk of game-related concussions in Pee Wee or Bantam class ice hockey players. Increased concussion awareness and education after the policy change may have contributed to the increased risk of concussions found after the policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
keywords = {child and adolescent, Concussion, ice hockey, Injury prevention},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}