Crowley, P J; Crowley, M J
Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 147–150, 2014.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Track and Field/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Attitudes, Child, Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Data Collection, Equipment Design, Health Knowledge, Health Policy, Health Promotion/og [Organization & Administration, Humans, Ireland/ep [Epidemiology], Practice, Risk Reduction Behavior, Track and Field/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Track and Field/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Young Adult
@article{Crowley2014,
title = {Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme},
author = {Crowley, P J and Crowley, M J},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {147--150},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Major head injuries are not uncommon in the Irish national game of hurling. Historically, helmets were not worn. METHODS: We report a multistage campaign to facilitate and encourage the use of appropriate headgear among the estimated 100 000 hurling players in Ireland. This campaign lasted for 27 years between 1985 and 2012, and involved a number of different stages including: (1) facilitating the establishment of a business dedicated to developing head protection equipment suitable for hurling, (2) placing a particular emphasis on continual product enhancement to the highest industrial standards, (3) engaging continually with the game's controlling body, the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the ultimate objective of securing a mandatory usage policy for protective helmets and faceguards, (4) longitudinal research to monitor hurling injury, equipment usage and players' attitudes and (5) widely communicating key research findings to GAA leaders and members, as well as to 1000 clubs and schools. RESULTS: One of our three relevant studies included 798 patients and identified a dramatic association between the type of head protection used by a player, if any, and the site of the injury requiring treatment. While 51% of the injured players without head protection suffered head trauma, this rate was only 35% among the players wearing helmets and 5% among players who were wearing full head protection (both a helmet and faceguard). CONCLUSION: The GAA responded in three stages to the accumulating evidence: (1) they introduced a mandatory regulation for those aged less than 18 years in 2005; (2) this ruling was extended to all players under 21 years in 2007 and (3) finally extended to all players irrespective of age, gender or grade from January 2010. The latter ruling applied to both games and organised training sessions.},
keywords = {*Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Track and Field/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Attitudes, Child, Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Data Collection, Equipment Design, Health Knowledge, Health Policy, Health Promotion/og [Organization \& Administration, Humans, Ireland/ep [Epidemiology], Practice, Risk Reduction Behavior, Track and Field/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Track and Field/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Walter, S R; Olivier, J; Churches, T; Grzebieta, R
The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 52, pp. 204–209, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bicycling/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Safety/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Bicycling/in [Injuries], Humans, New South Wales
@article{Walter2013,
title = {The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response},
author = {Walter, S R and Olivier, J and Churches, T and Grzebieta, R},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {52},
pages = {204--209},
abstract = {This article responds to criticisms made in a rejoinder (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2012, 45: 107-109) questioning the validity of a study on the impact of mandatory helmet legislation (MHL) for cyclists in New South Wales, Australia. We systematically address the criticisms through clarification of our methods, extension of the original analysis and discussion of new evidence on the population-level effects of MHL. Extensions of our analysis confirm the original conclusions that MHL had a beneficial effect on head injury rates over and above background trends and changes in cycling participation. The ongoing debate around MHL draws attention away from important ways in which both safety and participation can be improved through investment in well-connected cycling infrastructure, fostering consideration between road users, and adequate legal protection for vulnerable road users. These are the essential elements for providing a cycling environment that encourages participation, with all its health, economic and environmental benefits, while maximising safety. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Bicycling/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Safety/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Bicycling/in [Injuries], Humans, New South Wales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rissel, C
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a rejoinder Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 107–109, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Humans
@article{Rissel2012,
title = {The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a rejoinder},
author = {Rissel, C},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {45},
pages = {107--109},
abstract = {This paper challenges the conclusion of a recent paper by Walter et al. (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2011, doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.029) reporting that despite numerous data limitations repealing the helmet legislation in Australia could not be justified. This conclusion is not warranted because of the limited time period used in their analysis and the lack of data beyond a few years before the introduction of legislation, the failure to adequately account for the effect of the phasing in of the legislation, the effect of the marked reduction in child cyclists, and the non-comparability of the pedestrian and cycling injuries and related lack of consideration of the severity of head injuries. The extent to which helmet legislation deters people from cycling is discussed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Macpherson, A K; To, T M; Macarthur, C; Chipman, M L; Wright, J G; Parkin, P C
Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: a population-based study Journal Article
In: Pediatrics, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. e60, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Bicycling/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Accidents, Adolescent, adult, Bicycling/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Canada/ep [Epidemiology], Child, Cohort Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma/di [Diagnosis], Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Female, Hospitalized/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Da, Male, Preschool, Public Policy, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data, Trauma Severity Indices
@article{Macpherson2002,
title = {Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: a population-based study},
author = {Macpherson, A K and To, T M and Macarthur, C and Chipman, M L and Wright, J G and Parkin, P C},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {110},
number = {5},
pages = {e60},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Childhood bicycle-related head injuries can be prevented through the use of helmets. Although helmet legislation has proved to be a successful strategy for the adoption of helmets, its effect on the rates of head injury is uncertain. In Canada, 4 provinces have such legislation. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in Canadian children. METHODS: Routinely collected data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information identified all Canadian children (5-19 years) who were hospitalized for bicycling-related injuries from 1994-1998. Children were categorized as head or other injury on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. Rates of head injuries and other injuries were compared over time in provinces that adopted legislation and those that did not. RESULTS: Of the 9650 children who were hospitalized because of a bicycle-related injury, 3426 sustained injuries to the head and face and the remaining 6224 had other injuries. The bicycle-related head injury rate declined significantly (45% reduction) in provinces where legislation had been adopted compared with provinces and territories that did not adopt legislation (27% reduction). CONCLUSION: This country-wide study compared rates of head injury in regions with and without mandatory helmet legislation. Comparing head injuries with other non-head-injured children controlled for potential differences in children's cycling habits. The strong protective association between helmet legislation and head injuries supports the adoption of helmet legislation as an effective tool in the prevention of childhood bicycle-related head injuries.},
keywords = {*Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Bicycling/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Accidents, Adolescent, adult, Bicycling/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Canada/ep [Epidemiology], Child, Cohort Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma/di [Diagnosis], Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Female, Hospitalized/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Da, Male, Preschool, Public Policy, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data, Trauma Severity Indices},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Crowley, P J; Crowley, M J
Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 147–150, 2014.
@article{Crowley2014,
title = {Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme},
author = {Crowley, P J and Crowley, M J},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {147--150},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Major head injuries are not uncommon in the Irish national game of hurling. Historically, helmets were not worn. METHODS: We report a multistage campaign to facilitate and encourage the use of appropriate headgear among the estimated 100 000 hurling players in Ireland. This campaign lasted for 27 years between 1985 and 2012, and involved a number of different stages including: (1) facilitating the establishment of a business dedicated to developing head protection equipment suitable for hurling, (2) placing a particular emphasis on continual product enhancement to the highest industrial standards, (3) engaging continually with the game's controlling body, the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the ultimate objective of securing a mandatory usage policy for protective helmets and faceguards, (4) longitudinal research to monitor hurling injury, equipment usage and players' attitudes and (5) widely communicating key research findings to GAA leaders and members, as well as to 1000 clubs and schools. RESULTS: One of our three relevant studies included 798 patients and identified a dramatic association between the type of head protection used by a player, if any, and the site of the injury requiring treatment. While 51% of the injured players without head protection suffered head trauma, this rate was only 35% among the players wearing helmets and 5% among players who were wearing full head protection (both a helmet and faceguard). CONCLUSION: The GAA responded in three stages to the accumulating evidence: (1) they introduced a mandatory regulation for those aged less than 18 years in 2005; (2) this ruling was extended to all players under 21 years in 2007 and (3) finally extended to all players irrespective of age, gender or grade from January 2010. The latter ruling applied to both games and organised training sessions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Walter, S R; Olivier, J; Churches, T; Grzebieta, R
The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 52, pp. 204–209, 2013.
@article{Walter2013,
title = {The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response},
author = {Walter, S R and Olivier, J and Churches, T and Grzebieta, R},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {52},
pages = {204--209},
abstract = {This article responds to criticisms made in a rejoinder (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2012, 45: 107-109) questioning the validity of a study on the impact of mandatory helmet legislation (MHL) for cyclists in New South Wales, Australia. We systematically address the criticisms through clarification of our methods, extension of the original analysis and discussion of new evidence on the population-level effects of MHL. Extensions of our analysis confirm the original conclusions that MHL had a beneficial effect on head injury rates over and above background trends and changes in cycling participation. The ongoing debate around MHL draws attention away from important ways in which both safety and participation can be improved through investment in well-connected cycling infrastructure, fostering consideration between road users, and adequate legal protection for vulnerable road users. These are the essential elements for providing a cycling environment that encourages participation, with all its health, economic and environmental benefits, while maximising safety. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rissel, C
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a rejoinder Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 107–109, 2012.
@article{Rissel2012,
title = {The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a rejoinder},
author = {Rissel, C},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {45},
pages = {107--109},
abstract = {This paper challenges the conclusion of a recent paper by Walter et al. (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2011, doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.029) reporting that despite numerous data limitations repealing the helmet legislation in Australia could not be justified. This conclusion is not warranted because of the limited time period used in their analysis and the lack of data beyond a few years before the introduction of legislation, the failure to adequately account for the effect of the phasing in of the legislation, the effect of the marked reduction in child cyclists, and the non-comparability of the pedestrian and cycling injuries and related lack of consideration of the severity of head injuries. The extent to which helmet legislation deters people from cycling is discussed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Macpherson, A K; To, T M; Macarthur, C; Chipman, M L; Wright, J G; Parkin, P C
Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: a population-based study Journal Article
In: Pediatrics, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. e60, 2002.
@article{Macpherson2002,
title = {Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: a population-based study},
author = {Macpherson, A K and To, T M and Macarthur, C and Chipman, M L and Wright, J G and Parkin, P C},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {110},
number = {5},
pages = {e60},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Childhood bicycle-related head injuries can be prevented through the use of helmets. Although helmet legislation has proved to be a successful strategy for the adoption of helmets, its effect on the rates of head injury is uncertain. In Canada, 4 provinces have such legislation. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in Canadian children. METHODS: Routinely collected data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information identified all Canadian children (5-19 years) who were hospitalized for bicycling-related injuries from 1994-1998. Children were categorized as head or other injury on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. Rates of head injuries and other injuries were compared over time in provinces that adopted legislation and those that did not. RESULTS: Of the 9650 children who were hospitalized because of a bicycle-related injury, 3426 sustained injuries to the head and face and the remaining 6224 had other injuries. The bicycle-related head injury rate declined significantly (45% reduction) in provinces where legislation had been adopted compared with provinces and territories that did not adopt legislation (27% reduction). CONCLUSION: This country-wide study compared rates of head injury in regions with and without mandatory helmet legislation. Comparing head injuries with other non-head-injured children controlled for potential differences in children's cycling habits. The strong protective association between helmet legislation and head injuries supports the adoption of helmet legislation as an effective tool in the prevention of childhood bicycle-related head injuries.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Crowley, P J; Crowley, M J
Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 147–150, 2014.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Track and Field/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/pc [Prevention & Control], Attitudes, Child, Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Data Collection, Equipment Design, Health Knowledge, Health Policy, Health Promotion/og [Organization & Administration, Humans, Ireland/ep [Epidemiology], Practice, Risk Reduction Behavior, Track and Field/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Track and Field/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Young Adult
@article{Crowley2014,
title = {Dramatic impact of using protective equipment on the level of hurling-related head injuries: an ultimately successful 27-year programme},
author = {Crowley, P J and Crowley, M J},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {147--150},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Major head injuries are not uncommon in the Irish national game of hurling. Historically, helmets were not worn. METHODS: We report a multistage campaign to facilitate and encourage the use of appropriate headgear among the estimated 100 000 hurling players in Ireland. This campaign lasted for 27 years between 1985 and 2012, and involved a number of different stages including: (1) facilitating the establishment of a business dedicated to developing head protection equipment suitable for hurling, (2) placing a particular emphasis on continual product enhancement to the highest industrial standards, (3) engaging continually with the game's controlling body, the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the ultimate objective of securing a mandatory usage policy for protective helmets and faceguards, (4) longitudinal research to monitor hurling injury, equipment usage and players' attitudes and (5) widely communicating key research findings to GAA leaders and members, as well as to 1000 clubs and schools. RESULTS: One of our three relevant studies included 798 patients and identified a dramatic association between the type of head protection used by a player, if any, and the site of the injury requiring treatment. While 51% of the injured players without head protection suffered head trauma, this rate was only 35% among the players wearing helmets and 5% among players who were wearing full head protection (both a helmet and faceguard). CONCLUSION: The GAA responded in three stages to the accumulating evidence: (1) they introduced a mandatory regulation for those aged less than 18 years in 2005; (2) this ruling was extended to all players under 21 years in 2007 and (3) finally extended to all players irrespective of age, gender or grade from January 2010. The latter ruling applied to both games and organised training sessions.},
keywords = {*Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Track and Field/in [Injuries], Adolescent, Athletic Injuries/ep [Epidemiology], Athletic Injuries/pc [Prevention \& Control], Attitudes, Child, Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Data Collection, Equipment Design, Health Knowledge, Health Policy, Health Promotion/og [Organization \& Administration, Humans, Ireland/ep [Epidemiology], Practice, Risk Reduction Behavior, Track and Field/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Track and Field/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Young Adult},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
McIntosh, A S; Lai, A; Schilter, E
Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests Journal Article
In: Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 501–508, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat
@article{McIntosh2013,
title = {Bicycle helmets: head impact dynamics in helmeted and unhelmeted oblique impact tests},
author = {McIntosh, A S and Lai, A and Schilter, E},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Traffic Injury Prevention},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {501--508},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors, including helmet use, that contribute to head linear and angular acceleration in bicycle crash simulation tests. METHOD: A series of laboratory tests was undertaken using an oblique impact rig. The impact rig included a drop assembly with a Hybrid III head and neck. The head struck a horizontally moving striker plate. Head linear and angular acceleration and striker plate force were measured. The Head Injury Criterion was derived. The following test parameters were varied: drop height to a maximum of 1.5 m, horizontal speed to a maximum of 25 km/h, helmet/no helmet, impact orientation/location, and restraint adjustment. Additional radial impacts were conducted on the same helmet models for comparison purposes. Descriptive statistics were derived and multiple regression was applied to examine the role of each parameter. RESULTS: Helmet use was the most significant factor in reducing the magnitude of all outcome variables. Linear acceleration and the Head Injury Criterion were influenced by the drop height, whereas angular acceleration tended to be influenced by the horizontal speed and impact orientation/location. The restraint adjustment influenced the outcome variables, with lower coefficients of variation observed with the tight restraint. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the benefits of wearing a bicycle helmet in a crash. The study also demonstrates that helmets do not increase angular head acceleration. The study assists in establishing the need for an agreed-upon international oblique helmet test as well as the boundary conditions for oblique helmet testing.},
keywords = {*Accidents, *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/et [Etiology], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Acceleration, Biological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Computer simulation, Humans, Male, Manikins, Models, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Walter, S R; Olivier, J; Churches, T; Grzebieta, R
The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 52, pp. 204–209, 2013.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bicycling/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Safety/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], Bicycling/in [Injuries], Humans, New South Wales
@article{Walter2013,
title = {The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response},
author = {Walter, S R and Olivier, J and Churches, T and Grzebieta, R},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {52},
pages = {204--209},
abstract = {This article responds to criticisms made in a rejoinder (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2012, 45: 107-109) questioning the validity of a study on the impact of mandatory helmet legislation (MHL) for cyclists in New South Wales, Australia. We systematically address the criticisms through clarification of our methods, extension of the original analysis and discussion of new evidence on the population-level effects of MHL. Extensions of our analysis confirm the original conclusions that MHL had a beneficial effect on head injury rates over and above background trends and changes in cycling participation. The ongoing debate around MHL draws attention away from important ways in which both safety and participation can be improved through investment in well-connected cycling infrastructure, fostering consideration between road users, and adequate legal protection for vulnerable road users. These are the essential elements for providing a cycling environment that encourages participation, with all its health, economic and environmental benefits, while maximising safety. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Bicycling/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], *Safety/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], Bicycling/in [Injuries], Humans, New South Wales},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rissel, C
The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a rejoinder Journal Article
In: Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 107–109, 2012.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Humans
@article{Rissel2012,
title = {The impact of compulsory cycle helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a rejoinder},
author = {Rissel, C},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Accident Analysis \& Prevention},
volume = {45},
pages = {107--109},
abstract = {This paper challenges the conclusion of a recent paper by Walter et al. (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2011, doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.029) reporting that despite numerous data limitations repealing the helmet legislation in Australia could not be justified. This conclusion is not warranted because of the limited time period used in their analysis and the lack of data beyond a few years before the introduction of legislation, the failure to adequately account for the effect of the phasing in of the legislation, the effect of the marked reduction in child cyclists, and the non-comparability of the pedestrian and cycling injuries and related lack of consideration of the severity of head injuries. The extent to which helmet legislation deters people from cycling is discussed. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {*Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Macpherson, A K; To, T M; Macarthur, C; Chipman, M L; Wright, J G; Parkin, P C
Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: a population-based study Journal Article
In: Pediatrics, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. e60, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: *Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Bicycling/lj [Legislation & Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention & Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Accidents, Adolescent, adult, Bicycling/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data], Canada/ep [Epidemiology], Child, Cohort Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma/di [Diagnosis], Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Female, Hospitalized/sn [Statistics & Numerical Dat, Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Da, Male, Preschool, Public Policy, Traffic/sn [Statistics & Numerical Data, Trauma Severity Indices
@article{Macpherson2002,
title = {Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: a population-based study},
author = {Macpherson, A K and To, T M and Macarthur, C and Chipman, M L and Wright, J G and Parkin, P C},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {110},
number = {5},
pages = {e60},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Childhood bicycle-related head injuries can be prevented through the use of helmets. Although helmet legislation has proved to be a successful strategy for the adoption of helmets, its effect on the rates of head injury is uncertain. In Canada, 4 provinces have such legislation. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in Canadian children. METHODS: Routinely collected data from the Canadian Institute for Health Information identified all Canadian children (5-19 years) who were hospitalized for bicycling-related injuries from 1994-1998. Children were categorized as head or other injury on the basis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. Rates of head injuries and other injuries were compared over time in provinces that adopted legislation and those that did not. RESULTS: Of the 9650 children who were hospitalized because of a bicycle-related injury, 3426 sustained injuries to the head and face and the remaining 6224 had other injuries. The bicycle-related head injury rate declined significantly (45% reduction) in provinces where legislation had been adopted compared with provinces and territories that did not adopt legislation (27% reduction). CONCLUSION: This country-wide study compared rates of head injury in regions with and without mandatory helmet legislation. Comparing head injuries with other non-head-injured children controlled for potential differences in children's cycling habits. The strong protective association between helmet legislation and head injuries supports the adoption of helmet legislation as an effective tool in the prevention of childhood bicycle-related head injuries.},
keywords = {*Bicycling/in [Injuries], *Bicycling/lj [Legislation \& Jurisprudence], *Craniocerebral Trauma/pc [Prevention \& Control], *Head Protective Devices/ut [Utilization], Accidents, Adolescent, adult, Bicycling/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data], Canada/ep [Epidemiology], Child, Cohort Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma/di [Diagnosis], Craniocerebral Trauma/ep [Epidemiology], Female, Hospitalized/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Dat, Humans, Incidence, Legislation as Topic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Da, Male, Preschool, Public Policy, Traffic/sn [Statistics \& Numerical Data, Trauma Severity Indices},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}