Traclet, Alan; Rascle, Olivier; Souchon, Nicolas; Coulomb-Cabagno, Genevieve; Dosseville, Fabrice
Aggressor and victim perspective-related differences in perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 106, pp. 234–240, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Traclet2008,
title = {Aggressor and victim perspective-related differences in perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer},
author = {Traclet, Alan and Rascle, Olivier and Souchon, Nicolas and Coulomb-Cabagno, Genevieve and Dosseville, Fabrice},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {106},
pages = {234--240},
address = {UFRSTAPS, Universite de Caen Basse Normandie, France. alan.traclet@unicaen.fr},
abstract = {The purpose of this role-playing study was to explore the perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer as a function of perspective-related differences (aggressor vs victim) and type of aggression (instrumental vs hostile). 120 soccer players watched videotaped aggressive interactions in soccer and took the perspective of the actors (aggressor then victim or the reverse). Then they rated the legitimacy of each aggressive behavior depending on its ultimate goal (instrumental then hostile or the reverse). When participants adopted the aggressor perspective, they perceived instrumental aggression as more legitimate than hostile aggression. In contrast, when participants took the perspective of the victim, no significant difference was found regardless of the type of aggression. The discussion focussed on implications and consequences of such divergences in aggressive sport situations.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Schwebel, David C; Banaszek, Mark M; McDaniel, McCall
Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol. 32, pp. 411–416, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Schwebel2007,
title = {Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury},
author = {Schwebel, David C and Banaszek, Mark M and McDaniel, McCall},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Pediatric Psychology},
volume = {32},
pages = {411--416},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, CH 415, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. schwebel@uab.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: By most reports, soccer (football) is among the most played and most popular sports in the world. This study prospectively examined behavioral risk factors for youth soccer injury. METHOD: Sixty 11- and 12-year-old boys who played on six teams in a suburban recreational soccer league were followed over the course of a season. Six predictors were assessed prior to the start of the season via self-report measures from coaches, parents, and the players themselves: inhibition, aggression, risk-taking, skill, experience playing soccer, and physical size. All games were videotaped, and tapes were reviewed to record players' collisions with other players, fouls, falls during the course of play, and injuries. RESULTS: Greater skill and less experience playing soccer best predicted injury risk. Inhibition, aggression, and risk-taking did not emerge as predictors. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed with respect to previous research in youth sport and general pediatric injury risk.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kavussanu, Maria
Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 24, pp. 575–588, 2006.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Kavussanu2006,
title = {Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football},
author = {Kavussanu, Maria},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {24},
pages = {575--588},
address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. m.kavussanu@$sim$bham.ac.uk},
abstract = {This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Thomas, Sion; Reeves, Colin; Smith, Andrew
English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 102, pp. 317–320, 2006.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Thomas2006,
title = {English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home},
author = {Thomas, Sion and Reeves, Colin and Smith, Andrew},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {102},
pages = {317--320},
address = {The University of Greenwich, Eltham, London, UK.},
abstract = {Speculation about key factors affecting home advantage still exists. The present study investigated aggressive behavior amongst English Football Premiership (soccer) players and its relation to home advantage. The frequency of aggressive behaviour, identified by the award of a penalty or disciplinary card (yellow for caution or red for dismissal) was analysed over 2000-2003. Chi-square analyses assessed whether a greater frequency of aggressive behavior was performed by teams away from home. In decided matches, teams playing away received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. A further analysis of tied matches indicated that away teams received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. No significant differences between home and away teams were found for dismissals and penalties awarded. Reasons for these findings are considered.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, Marc V; Paull, Geoffrey C; Erskine, John
The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 991–1000, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Jones2002a,
title = {The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees},
author = {Jones, Marc V and Paull, Geoffrey C and Erskine, John},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {20},
pages = {991--1000},
address = {Sport, Health and Exercise, School of Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. marc.jones@staffs.ac.uk},
abstract = {It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Traclet, Alan; Rascle, Olivier; Souchon, Nicolas; Coulomb-Cabagno, Genevieve; Dosseville, Fabrice
Aggressor and victim perspective-related differences in perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 106, pp. 234–240, 2008.
@article{Traclet2008,
title = {Aggressor and victim perspective-related differences in perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer},
author = {Traclet, Alan and Rascle, Olivier and Souchon, Nicolas and Coulomb-Cabagno, Genevieve and Dosseville, Fabrice},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {106},
pages = {234--240},
address = {UFRSTAPS, Universite de Caen Basse Normandie, France. alan.traclet@unicaen.fr},
abstract = {The purpose of this role-playing study was to explore the perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer as a function of perspective-related differences (aggressor vs victim) and type of aggression (instrumental vs hostile). 120 soccer players watched videotaped aggressive interactions in soccer and took the perspective of the actors (aggressor then victim or the reverse). Then they rated the legitimacy of each aggressive behavior depending on its ultimate goal (instrumental then hostile or the reverse). When participants adopted the aggressor perspective, they perceived instrumental aggression as more legitimate than hostile aggression. In contrast, when participants took the perspective of the victim, no significant difference was found regardless of the type of aggression. The discussion focussed on implications and consequences of such divergences in aggressive sport situations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Schwebel, David C; Banaszek, Mark M; McDaniel, McCall
Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol. 32, pp. 411–416, 2007.
@article{Schwebel2007,
title = {Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury},
author = {Schwebel, David C and Banaszek, Mark M and McDaniel, McCall},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Pediatric Psychology},
volume = {32},
pages = {411--416},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, CH 415, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. schwebel@uab.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: By most reports, soccer (football) is among the most played and most popular sports in the world. This study prospectively examined behavioral risk factors for youth soccer injury. METHOD: Sixty 11- and 12-year-old boys who played on six teams in a suburban recreational soccer league were followed over the course of a season. Six predictors were assessed prior to the start of the season via self-report measures from coaches, parents, and the players themselves: inhibition, aggression, risk-taking, skill, experience playing soccer, and physical size. All games were videotaped, and tapes were reviewed to record players' collisions with other players, fouls, falls during the course of play, and injuries. RESULTS: Greater skill and less experience playing soccer best predicted injury risk. Inhibition, aggression, and risk-taking did not emerge as predictors. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed with respect to previous research in youth sport and general pediatric injury risk.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kavussanu, Maria
Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 24, pp. 575–588, 2006.
@article{Kavussanu2006,
title = {Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football},
author = {Kavussanu, Maria},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {24},
pages = {575--588},
address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. m.kavussanu@$sim$bham.ac.uk},
abstract = {This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Thomas, Sion; Reeves, Colin; Smith, Andrew
English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 102, pp. 317–320, 2006.
@article{Thomas2006,
title = {English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home},
author = {Thomas, Sion and Reeves, Colin and Smith, Andrew},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {102},
pages = {317--320},
address = {The University of Greenwich, Eltham, London, UK.},
abstract = {Speculation about key factors affecting home advantage still exists. The present study investigated aggressive behavior amongst English Football Premiership (soccer) players and its relation to home advantage. The frequency of aggressive behaviour, identified by the award of a penalty or disciplinary card (yellow for caution or red for dismissal) was analysed over 2000-2003. Chi-square analyses assessed whether a greater frequency of aggressive behavior was performed by teams away from home. In decided matches, teams playing away received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. A further analysis of tied matches indicated that away teams received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. No significant differences between home and away teams were found for dismissals and penalties awarded. Reasons for these findings are considered.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, Marc V; Paull, Geoffrey C; Erskine, John
The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 991–1000, 2002.
@article{Jones2002a,
title = {The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees},
author = {Jones, Marc V and Paull, Geoffrey C and Erskine, John},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {20},
pages = {991--1000},
address = {Sport, Health and Exercise, School of Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. marc.jones@staffs.ac.uk},
abstract = {It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Traclet, Alan; Rascle, Olivier; Souchon, Nicolas; Coulomb-Cabagno, Genevieve; Dosseville, Fabrice
Aggressor and victim perspective-related differences in perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 106, pp. 234–240, 2008.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Traclet2008,
title = {Aggressor and victim perspective-related differences in perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer},
author = {Traclet, Alan and Rascle, Olivier and Souchon, Nicolas and Coulomb-Cabagno, Genevieve and Dosseville, Fabrice},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {106},
pages = {234--240},
address = {UFRSTAPS, Universite de Caen Basse Normandie, France. alan.traclet@unicaen.fr},
abstract = {The purpose of this role-playing study was to explore the perceived legitimacy of aggression in soccer as a function of perspective-related differences (aggressor vs victim) and type of aggression (instrumental vs hostile). 120 soccer players watched videotaped aggressive interactions in soccer and took the perspective of the actors (aggressor then victim or the reverse). Then they rated the legitimacy of each aggressive behavior depending on its ultimate goal (instrumental then hostile or the reverse). When participants adopted the aggressor perspective, they perceived instrumental aggression as more legitimate than hostile aggression. In contrast, when participants took the perspective of the victim, no significant difference was found regardless of the type of aggression. The discussion focussed on implications and consequences of such divergences in aggressive sport situations.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Schwebel, David C; Banaszek, Mark M; McDaniel, McCall
Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury Journal Article
In: Journal of Pediatric Psychology, vol. 32, pp. 411–416, 2007.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Schwebel2007,
title = {Brief report: Behavioral risk factors for youth soccer (football) injury},
author = {Schwebel, David C and Banaszek, Mark M and McDaniel, McCall},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Pediatric Psychology},
volume = {32},
pages = {411--416},
address = {Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, CH 415, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. schwebel@uab.edu},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: By most reports, soccer (football) is among the most played and most popular sports in the world. This study prospectively examined behavioral risk factors for youth soccer injury. METHOD: Sixty 11- and 12-year-old boys who played on six teams in a suburban recreational soccer league were followed over the course of a season. Six predictors were assessed prior to the start of the season via self-report measures from coaches, parents, and the players themselves: inhibition, aggression, risk-taking, skill, experience playing soccer, and physical size. All games were videotaped, and tapes were reviewed to record players' collisions with other players, fouls, falls during the course of play, and injuries. RESULTS: Greater skill and less experience playing soccer best predicted injury risk. Inhibition, aggression, and risk-taking did not emerge as predictors. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed with respect to previous research in youth sport and general pediatric injury risk.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kavussanu, Maria
Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 24, pp. 575–588, 2006.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Kavussanu2006,
title = {Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football},
author = {Kavussanu, Maria},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {24},
pages = {575--588},
address = {School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. m.kavussanu@$sim$bham.ac.uk},
abstract = {This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Thomas, Sion; Reeves, Colin; Smith, Andrew
English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home Journal Article
In: Perceptual & Motor Skills, vol. 102, pp. 317–320, 2006.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Thomas2006,
title = {English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home},
author = {Thomas, Sion and Reeves, Colin and Smith, Andrew},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Perceptual \& Motor Skills},
volume = {102},
pages = {317--320},
address = {The University of Greenwich, Eltham, London, UK.},
abstract = {Speculation about key factors affecting home advantage still exists. The present study investigated aggressive behavior amongst English Football Premiership (soccer) players and its relation to home advantage. The frequency of aggressive behaviour, identified by the award of a penalty or disciplinary card (yellow for caution or red for dismissal) was analysed over 2000-2003. Chi-square analyses assessed whether a greater frequency of aggressive behavior was performed by teams away from home. In decided matches, teams playing away received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. A further analysis of tied matches indicated that away teams received significantly more cautions (yellow cards) than home teams. No significant differences between home and away teams were found for dismissals and penalties awarded. Reasons for these findings are considered.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jones, Marc V; Paull, Geoffrey C; Erskine, John
The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees Journal Article
In: Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 20, pp. 991–1000, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology
@article{Jones2002a,
title = {The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees},
author = {Jones, Marc V and Paull, Geoffrey C and Erskine, John},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sports Sciences},
volume = {20},
pages = {991--1000},
address = {Sport, Health and Exercise, School of Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. marc.jones@staffs.ac.uk},
abstract = {It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches.},
keywords = {Aggression Soccer, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}