Kale, Rajendra
Stop the violence and play hockey Journal Article
In: CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 184, pp. 275, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Kale2012,
title = {Stop the violence and play hockey},
author = {Kale, Rajendra},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal},
volume = {184},
pages = {275},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, William O
Ice hockey concussion rates: a case for playing by the rules Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 1, 2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Roberts2011,
title = {Ice hockey concussion rates: a case for playing by the rules},
author = {Roberts, William O},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {1},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Carré, Justin M; Putnam, Susan K
Watching a previous victory produces an increase in testosterone among elite hockey players Journal Article
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 35, pp. 475–479, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Carre2010,
title = {Watching a previous victory produces an increase in testosterone among elite hockey players},
author = {Carr\'{e}, Justin M and Putnam, Susan K},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
volume = {35},
pages = {475--479},
address = {Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada. justin.carre@brocku.ca},
abstract = {Previous research indicates that testosterone concentrations are highly responsive to human competitive interactions and that winners have elevated testosterone concentrations relative to losers. Also, there is some evidence that simply observing others compete can have a similar effect on the endocrine system. Here, in two studies, we examined the extent to which elite male hockey players would demonstrate an increase in testosterone concentrations after watching themselves engaged in a previous successful competitive interaction. Results indicated that watching a previous victory produced a significant increase in testosterone concentrations (42-44% increase), whereas watching a previous defeat or a neutral video did not produce a significant change in testosterone (17% and 6%, respectively). Given that natural fluctuations in testosterone have been shown to influence future competitive and aggressive behaviours, the current studies may have important practical implications for individuals involved in competitive sports.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Andrew, Damon P S; Koo, Gi Yong; Hardin, Rob; Greenwell, T Christopher
Analysing motives of minor league hockey fans: the introduction of violence as a spectator motive Journal Article
In: International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, vol. 5, pp. 73–89, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Andrew2009,
title = {Analysing motives of minor league hockey fans: the introduction of violence as a spectator motive},
author = {Andrew, Damon P S and Koo, Gi Yong and Hardin, Rob and Greenwell, T Christopher},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing},
volume = {5},
pages = {73--89},
abstract = {For minor-league hockey to attract new customers, it is important to explore attendance motivation. Given the controversy over the role of violence in attracting spectators, this study included violence among other traditional motives in addressing why spectators are attracted to attend minor league hockey. Specifically, spectators' motives were explored on the basis of gender and ticket type as well as their relationship to behavioural intentions to attend games. Spectators (n = 270) at a Southern Professional Hockey League game completed a questionnaire that assessed demographics, spectator motives and behavioural intentions. The results indicated (a) the spectator motive of violence appears relevant in the context of the sport of ice hockey, (b) spectator motives for the sport of minor league hockey varied on the basis of gender and ticket type and (c) the relationship of spectator motives to behavioural intentions to attend future games were somewhat varied on the basis of gender and ticket type.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rovio, Esa; Eskola, Jari; Kozub, Stephen A; Duda, Joan L; Lintunen, Taru
Can high group cohesion be harmful?: A case study of a junior ice-hockey team Journal Article
In: Small Group Research, vol. 40, pp. 421–435, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescents Sport Psychology, Aggression Hockey
@article{Rovio2009,
title = {Can high group cohesion be harmful?: A case study of a junior ice-hockey team},
author = {Rovio, Esa and Eskola, Jari and Kozub, Stephen A and Duda, Joan L and Lintunen, Taru},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Small Group Research},
volume = {40},
pages = {421--435},
abstract = {High group cohesion is considered to be beneficial and lead to better performance. This qualitative case study describes a case in which high social cohesion led to a deterioration in a team's performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between performance in a team sport and social psychological group phenomena such as cohesion, conformity, groupthink, and group polarization. The participants were members of a junior-league ice-hockey team, consisting of three adult coaches and 22 players aged 15 to 16 years. The data were derived from an interview with the main coach, continuous observation by the principal researcher, and a diary based on observations during one ice-hockey season. The Group Environment Questionnaire was used to assess group cohesion quantitatively. The qualitative data were analyzed by identifying themes that illuminated the research problem. In this study, the team did not perform as expected, and their performance deteriorated during the autumn. Social cohesion was high. In addition, the need to evaluate performance declined because of increased pressure to conform. Pressure to conform, groupthink, and group polarization increased owing to the high level of social cohesion which in turn was associated with the deterioration in the group's performance. Based on the findings it appears that high group cohesion may not always be beneficial to the team and does not necessarily lead to better performance in all situations.},
keywords = {Adolescents Sport Psychology, Aggression Hockey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lorenz, Stacy L; Osborne, Geraint B
"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry Journal Article
In: Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 40, pp. 125–156, 2006.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Lorenz2006,
title = {"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry},
author = {Lorenz, Stacy L and Osborne, Geraint B},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Canadian Studies},
volume = {40},
pages = {125--156},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pappas, N T; McKenry, P C; Catlett, B S
Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships Journal Article
In: Men and Masculinities, vol. 6, pp. 291–312, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Pappas2004,
title = {Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships},
author = {Pappas, N T and McKenry, P C and Catlett, B S},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Men and Masculinities},
volume = {6},
pages = {291--312},
abstract = {Because male athletes have exhibited aggressive tendencies in a variety of settings, they may be at risk for using violence both within \& beyond their sports involvement. Five former college/professional hockey players were interviewed to determine their perspectives on the nature of aggression \& violence in sports competition as well as in social relationships. The informants were asked about athletes' violence \& aggression toward teammates, acquaintances, \& female intimates. This analysis includes participants' experiences, observations, \& explanations of the instances of violence in hockey culture. The study findings yield (1) a greater understanding of the ways in which hockey socialization \& athletes' notions of masculinity combine to create a culture of aggression \& violence \& (2) two major factors -- consumption of alcohol \& the objectification of women -- that contribute to exporting violence outside the athletic arena.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio
Women's collective identity formation in sports: A case study from women's ice hockey Journal Article
In: Gender & Society, vol. 16, pp. 93–114, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology
@article{Pelak2002,
title = {Women's collective identity formation in sports: A case study from women's ice hockey},
author = {Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Gender \& Society},
volume = {16},
pages = {93--114},
abstract = {This research examines the emergence and development of a women's collegiate ice hockey club at a large university in the midwestern United States during the 1990s. The aim of this article is to assess the role that collective action plays in contesting sexist structures and practices within a traditionally male-dominated institution. This article draws on collective identity theory, as articulated in the social movement literature, to understand the process by which perceived injustices at an ice rink are translated into collective action on the part of a women's ice hockey club. The findings, based on fieldwork and interviews, demonstrate that the club's collective identity as a legitimate ice hockey organization was an important factor in the women's successful challenge of exclusionary practices at a university ice rink.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Juhn, Mark S; Brolinson, Per Gunnar; Duffey, Timothy; Stockard, Alan; Vangelos, Zenos A; Emaus, Erik; Maddox, Matthew; Boyajian, Lori; Henehan, Michael; Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports
Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 46–51, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Juhn2002,
title = {Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey},
author = {Juhn, Mark S and Brolinson, Per Gunnar and Duffey, Timothy and Stockard, Alan and Vangelos, Zenos A and Emaus, Erik and Maddox, Matthew and Boyajian, Lori and Henehan, Michael and Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {12},
pages = {46--51},
address = {Hall Health Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 354410 E. Stevens Circle, Seattle, WA 98195-4410, USA.},
abstract = {Ice hockey is a sport enjoyed by many men and women at the spectator and participant level. It is played with high intensity and often involves body contact. Although the women's games is far from injury free, it is the men's game that has drawn criticism for excessive violence. Much attention has been drawn to the serious injuries that have occurred in ice hockey, specifically spinal injuries, concussions, and eye injuries. Many such injuries are the result of illegal and violent acts such as checking from behind or a deliberate high stick. Because of this, some medical organizations have called for changes in the sport, such as minimum age requirements for body-checking. As a practical matter such changes are unlikely to be accepted by hockey governing boards. Many of those involved in the sport consider body-checking a fundamental component of the game. Furthermore, a distinction needs to be made between any kind of injury and a serious, catastrophic injury. For example, although a recent study found that body-checking accounted for up to 38% of ice hockey injuries, none were of the catastrophic type. With respect to catastrophic injuries such as spinal cord trauma or a blinded eye, legal body-checking accounts for significantly less than illegal body-checking (e.g., checking from behind) or violent stick work. To reduce serious injury in ice hockey, we offer 10 recommendations, key among them automatic game suspensions for certain rules violations, and recognition of the coach as the most important figure in promoting a clean, safe game.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bushman, B J; Wells, G L
Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: predicting hot tempers on the ice Journal Article
In: Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 83, pp. 969–974, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Bushman1998,
title = {Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: predicting hot tempers on the ice},
author = {Bushman, B J and Wells, G L},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
volume = {83},
pages = {969--974},
address = {Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3180, USA. bushman@iastate.edu},
abstract = {Previous studies examining the validity of measures of trait aggressiveness either have been retrospective studies or have used laboratory aggression as the criterion behavior. Can a measure of trait aggressiveness predict nonlaboratory physical aggression? The Physical Aggression subscale of the Aggression Questionnaire was completed by 91 high school hockey players prior to the start of the season. At the end of the season, these trait aggressiveness scores were regressed on minutes in the penalty box for aggressive penalties (e.g., fighting, slashing, tripping) and minutes in the penalty box for nonaggressive penalties (e.g., delay of game, illegal equipment, too many players). As expected, preseason trait aggressiveness scores predicted aggressive penalty minutes (r = .33) but not nonaggressive penalty minutes (r = .04).},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tegner, Y; Lorentzon, R
Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 251–255, 1996.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Tegner1996,
title = {Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players},
author = {Tegner, Y and Lorentzon, R},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {30},
pages = {251--255},
address = {Ermeline Clinic, Lulea, Sweden.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of concussion in Swedish ice hockey and to establish a uniform grading and treatment model for concussions of different severity. METHODS: Frequency of concussion was investigated in two studies, one retrospective and one prospective. In the retrospective study, all Swedish elite ice hockey players (n = 265) were asked to answer a questionnaire on the number and treatment of previous concussions. Only concussions diagnosed by a doctor were recorded. The questionnaire was completed by 227 players (86%). In the prospective study, all injuries including concussions occurring during game and practice in the Swedish Elite League (n = 12 teams) were recorded during four years. The causes of injury, referees judgements, diagnosis, treatment, and time absent from ice hockey were registered on special cards. RESULTS: In the retrospective study, 51 out of 227 players (22%) in the Swedish Elite League reported at least one concussion. In the prospective study, 52 concussions were reported. The incidence of a concussion is at least one concussion every year/team or a yearly risk of about 5% for a player to sustain a concussion. Most concussions occurred during league play (81%). Body contact (checking or boarding) was the most common cause of concussions. The players were absent from full training and play on a mean of 6 d. CONCLUSIONS: As this injury is potentially dangerous it must be treated seriously according to a simple treatment model presented. In cases of repeated concussions during the same season, a longer period of time away from play is suggested. In players who have sustained several concussions over the years a thorough medical examination including EEG, CT/MRI, and neuropsychological tests should be performed. If any of these is pathological the player should be advised to give up ice hockey.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Belanger, A
Hockey in Quebec, much more than a game: A sociological analysis of hockey's central place in the Quebecers' quest for identity Journal Article
In: Loisir & Societe-Society and Leisure, vol. 19, pp. 539–557, 1996, ISSN: 0705-3436.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Belanger1996,
title = {Hockey in Quebec, much more than a game: A sociological analysis of hockey's central place in the Quebecers' quest for identity},
author = {Belanger, A},
issn = {0705-3436},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Loisir \& Societe-Society and Leisure},
volume = {19},
pages = {539--557},
abstract = {How can a culturally-futile practice such as hockey be of interest to Quebec sociologists? This paper focuses on hockey as a popular cultural practice in this province. Emphasis is put on its complexity, its various modes of expression, its background and its overwhelming influence on Quebecers' imagination. It particularly illustrates the process by which this sport has come to incorporate the quest for identity of many Quebecers since the '50s. The issue of cultural identity, the quest for this identity, the anguish which has affected the people from the past up to the present are also expressed in hockey. Questioning this sport about its identity problem amounts to questioning the imagination of Quebecers to learn more about their hopes and fears in terms of cultural identity. Maurice Richard's and Guy Lafleur's biographies, as well as newspaper and magazine clippings, are examined for this purpose. The study suggests that hockey is still the locus of tension of the Quebecers' identity problem, even in the current context of a world capitalist.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
DeNeui, Daniel L; Sachau, Daniel A
Spectator enjoyment of aggression in intercollegiate hockey games Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 20, pp. 69–77, 1996.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology
@article{DeNeui1996,
title = {Spectator enjoyment of aggression in intercollegiate hockey games},
author = {DeNeui, Daniel L and Sachau, Daniel A},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {20},
pages = {69--77},
abstract = {This study was designed to examine how player aggression in intercollegiate hockey games is related to spectator enjoyment of the games. The study tested the hypothesis that enjoyment of hockey is as highly related to aggressive aspects of the game as equally dramatic but nonaggressive aspects of the game. Six hundred twenty-four male and female spectators rated how enjoyable they found 16 games. Measures of enjoyment were correlated with a variety of game statistics. Results of the study indicated that aggression-related indexes, such as penalty minutes, were more highly related to enjoyment of the game than were nonaggression indexes such as score difference, shots on goal, and saves. However, power play minutes, which are related to both aggression and competition, were also highly related to enjoyment of the game.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bloom, G A; Smith, M D
Hockey violence: A test of cultural spillover theory Journal Article
In: Sociology of Sport Journal, vol. 13, pp. 65–77, 1996, ISSN: 0741-1235.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, ice-hockey Sport Psychology
@article{Bloom1996,
title = {Hockey violence: A test of cultural spillover theory},
author = {Bloom, G A and Smith, M D},
issn = {0741-1235},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
volume = {13},
pages = {65--77},
address = {YORK UNIV,N YORK,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.},
abstract = {Cultural spillover theory holds that the more a society tends to legitimate the use of violence to attain ends for which there is widespread social approval, the greater the likelihood of illegitimate violence. This study was a test of cultural spillover theory as it applies to hockey violence. Based on data from a representative sample survey of Toronto hockey players and a comparison group of nonplayers, we tested the proposition that violence in hockey ''spills over'' into violence in other social settings. The results offer support for a cultural spillover explanation of hockey violence. Olde players in highly competitive select-leagues were move likely to approve of violence and to act violently in other social settings than were younger select-league players, house-league players, and nonplayers of all ages.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, ice-hockey Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Colburn, Kenneth Jr.
Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence Journal Article
In: Sociological Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 63–74, 1986, ISSN: 1533-8525.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Colburn1986,
title = {Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence},
author = {Colburn, Kenneth Jr.},
issn = {1533-8525},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Sociological Quarterly},
volume = {27},
pages = {63--74},
address = {Indiana University at Indianapolis},
abstract = {Bensman and Gerver's (1964) theory of structural deviance is employed as a general framework for examining the functional indispensability of the fist-fight in ice-hockey. Qualitative materials concerning the players' viewpoint are analyzed, according to Garfinkel (1967), in terms of a conception of practical decision-making used by players in their commission and interpretation of violent acts on the ice. A sociological explanation of hockey violence is thus offered that emphasizes the situationally relevant and meaningful nature of violence as it is experienced and understood by players. It also formulates the fist-fight as an institutionalized mode of legitimate violence that represents a compromise between conflicting ends within the sport.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Harrell, W Andrew
Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey Journal Article
In: Human Relations, vol. 34, pp. 643–655, 1981.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Harrell1981,
title = {Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey},
author = {Harrell, W Andrew},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Human Relations},
volume = {34},
pages = {643--655},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kale, Rajendra
Stop the violence and play hockey Journal Article
In: CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 184, pp. 275, 2012.
@article{Kale2012,
title = {Stop the violence and play hockey},
author = {Kale, Rajendra},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal},
volume = {184},
pages = {275},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, William O
Ice hockey concussion rates: a case for playing by the rules Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 1, 2011.
@article{Roberts2011,
title = {Ice hockey concussion rates: a case for playing by the rules},
author = {Roberts, William O},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Carré, Justin M; Putnam, Susan K
Watching a previous victory produces an increase in testosterone among elite hockey players Journal Article
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 35, pp. 475–479, 2010.
@article{Carre2010,
title = {Watching a previous victory produces an increase in testosterone among elite hockey players},
author = {Carr\'{e}, Justin M and Putnam, Susan K},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
volume = {35},
pages = {475--479},
address = {Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada. justin.carre@brocku.ca},
abstract = {Previous research indicates that testosterone concentrations are highly responsive to human competitive interactions and that winners have elevated testosterone concentrations relative to losers. Also, there is some evidence that simply observing others compete can have a similar effect on the endocrine system. Here, in two studies, we examined the extent to which elite male hockey players would demonstrate an increase in testosterone concentrations after watching themselves engaged in a previous successful competitive interaction. Results indicated that watching a previous victory produced a significant increase in testosterone concentrations (42-44% increase), whereas watching a previous defeat or a neutral video did not produce a significant change in testosterone (17% and 6%, respectively). Given that natural fluctuations in testosterone have been shown to influence future competitive and aggressive behaviours, the current studies may have important practical implications for individuals involved in competitive sports.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Andrew, Damon P S; Koo, Gi Yong; Hardin, Rob; Greenwell, T Christopher
Analysing motives of minor league hockey fans: the introduction of violence as a spectator motive Journal Article
In: International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, vol. 5, pp. 73–89, 2009.
@article{Andrew2009,
title = {Analysing motives of minor league hockey fans: the introduction of violence as a spectator motive},
author = {Andrew, Damon P S and Koo, Gi Yong and Hardin, Rob and Greenwell, T Christopher},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing},
volume = {5},
pages = {73--89},
abstract = {For minor-league hockey to attract new customers, it is important to explore attendance motivation. Given the controversy over the role of violence in attracting spectators, this study included violence among other traditional motives in addressing why spectators are attracted to attend minor league hockey. Specifically, spectators' motives were explored on the basis of gender and ticket type as well as their relationship to behavioural intentions to attend games. Spectators (n = 270) at a Southern Professional Hockey League game completed a questionnaire that assessed demographics, spectator motives and behavioural intentions. The results indicated (a) the spectator motive of violence appears relevant in the context of the sport of ice hockey, (b) spectator motives for the sport of minor league hockey varied on the basis of gender and ticket type and (c) the relationship of spectator motives to behavioural intentions to attend future games were somewhat varied on the basis of gender and ticket type.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rovio, Esa; Eskola, Jari; Kozub, Stephen A; Duda, Joan L; Lintunen, Taru
Can high group cohesion be harmful?: A case study of a junior ice-hockey team Journal Article
In: Small Group Research, vol. 40, pp. 421–435, 2009.
@article{Rovio2009,
title = {Can high group cohesion be harmful?: A case study of a junior ice-hockey team},
author = {Rovio, Esa and Eskola, Jari and Kozub, Stephen A and Duda, Joan L and Lintunen, Taru},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Small Group Research},
volume = {40},
pages = {421--435},
abstract = {High group cohesion is considered to be beneficial and lead to better performance. This qualitative case study describes a case in which high social cohesion led to a deterioration in a team's performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between performance in a team sport and social psychological group phenomena such as cohesion, conformity, groupthink, and group polarization. The participants were members of a junior-league ice-hockey team, consisting of three adult coaches and 22 players aged 15 to 16 years. The data were derived from an interview with the main coach, continuous observation by the principal researcher, and a diary based on observations during one ice-hockey season. The Group Environment Questionnaire was used to assess group cohesion quantitatively. The qualitative data were analyzed by identifying themes that illuminated the research problem. In this study, the team did not perform as expected, and their performance deteriorated during the autumn. Social cohesion was high. In addition, the need to evaluate performance declined because of increased pressure to conform. Pressure to conform, groupthink, and group polarization increased owing to the high level of social cohesion which in turn was associated with the deterioration in the group's performance. Based on the findings it appears that high group cohesion may not always be beneficial to the team and does not necessarily lead to better performance in all situations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lorenz, Stacy L; Osborne, Geraint B
"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry Journal Article
In: Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 40, pp. 125–156, 2006.
@article{Lorenz2006,
title = {"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry},
author = {Lorenz, Stacy L and Osborne, Geraint B},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Canadian Studies},
volume = {40},
pages = {125--156},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pappas, N T; McKenry, P C; Catlett, B S
Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships Journal Article
In: Men and Masculinities, vol. 6, pp. 291–312, 2004.
@article{Pappas2004,
title = {Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships},
author = {Pappas, N T and McKenry, P C and Catlett, B S},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Men and Masculinities},
volume = {6},
pages = {291--312},
abstract = {Because male athletes have exhibited aggressive tendencies in a variety of settings, they may be at risk for using violence both within \& beyond their sports involvement. Five former college/professional hockey players were interviewed to determine their perspectives on the nature of aggression \& violence in sports competition as well as in social relationships. The informants were asked about athletes' violence \& aggression toward teammates, acquaintances, \& female intimates. This analysis includes participants' experiences, observations, \& explanations of the instances of violence in hockey culture. The study findings yield (1) a greater understanding of the ways in which hockey socialization \& athletes' notions of masculinity combine to create a culture of aggression \& violence \& (2) two major factors -- consumption of alcohol \& the objectification of women -- that contribute to exporting violence outside the athletic arena.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio
Women's collective identity formation in sports: A case study from women's ice hockey Journal Article
In: Gender & Society, vol. 16, pp. 93–114, 2002.
@article{Pelak2002,
title = {Women's collective identity formation in sports: A case study from women's ice hockey},
author = {Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Gender \& Society},
volume = {16},
pages = {93--114},
abstract = {This research examines the emergence and development of a women's collegiate ice hockey club at a large university in the midwestern United States during the 1990s. The aim of this article is to assess the role that collective action plays in contesting sexist structures and practices within a traditionally male-dominated institution. This article draws on collective identity theory, as articulated in the social movement literature, to understand the process by which perceived injustices at an ice rink are translated into collective action on the part of a women's ice hockey club. The findings, based on fieldwork and interviews, demonstrate that the club's collective identity as a legitimate ice hockey organization was an important factor in the women's successful challenge of exclusionary practices at a university ice rink.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Juhn, Mark S; Brolinson, Per Gunnar; Duffey, Timothy; Stockard, Alan; Vangelos, Zenos A; Emaus, Erik; Maddox, Matthew; Boyajian, Lori; Henehan, Michael; Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports
Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 46–51, 2002.
@article{Juhn2002,
title = {Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey},
author = {Juhn, Mark S and Brolinson, Per Gunnar and Duffey, Timothy and Stockard, Alan and Vangelos, Zenos A and Emaus, Erik and Maddox, Matthew and Boyajian, Lori and Henehan, Michael and Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {12},
pages = {46--51},
address = {Hall Health Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 354410 E. Stevens Circle, Seattle, WA 98195-4410, USA.},
abstract = {Ice hockey is a sport enjoyed by many men and women at the spectator and participant level. It is played with high intensity and often involves body contact. Although the women's games is far from injury free, it is the men's game that has drawn criticism for excessive violence. Much attention has been drawn to the serious injuries that have occurred in ice hockey, specifically spinal injuries, concussions, and eye injuries. Many such injuries are the result of illegal and violent acts such as checking from behind or a deliberate high stick. Because of this, some medical organizations have called for changes in the sport, such as minimum age requirements for body-checking. As a practical matter such changes are unlikely to be accepted by hockey governing boards. Many of those involved in the sport consider body-checking a fundamental component of the game. Furthermore, a distinction needs to be made between any kind of injury and a serious, catastrophic injury. For example, although a recent study found that body-checking accounted for up to 38% of ice hockey injuries, none were of the catastrophic type. With respect to catastrophic injuries such as spinal cord trauma or a blinded eye, legal body-checking accounts for significantly less than illegal body-checking (e.g., checking from behind) or violent stick work. To reduce serious injury in ice hockey, we offer 10 recommendations, key among them automatic game suspensions for certain rules violations, and recognition of the coach as the most important figure in promoting a clean, safe game.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bushman, B J; Wells, G L
Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: predicting hot tempers on the ice Journal Article
In: Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 83, pp. 969–974, 1998.
@article{Bushman1998,
title = {Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: predicting hot tempers on the ice},
author = {Bushman, B J and Wells, G L},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
volume = {83},
pages = {969--974},
address = {Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3180, USA. bushman@iastate.edu},
abstract = {Previous studies examining the validity of measures of trait aggressiveness either have been retrospective studies or have used laboratory aggression as the criterion behavior. Can a measure of trait aggressiveness predict nonlaboratory physical aggression? The Physical Aggression subscale of the Aggression Questionnaire was completed by 91 high school hockey players prior to the start of the season. At the end of the season, these trait aggressiveness scores were regressed on minutes in the penalty box for aggressive penalties (e.g., fighting, slashing, tripping) and minutes in the penalty box for nonaggressive penalties (e.g., delay of game, illegal equipment, too many players). As expected, preseason trait aggressiveness scores predicted aggressive penalty minutes (r = .33) but not nonaggressive penalty minutes (r = .04).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tegner, Y; Lorentzon, R
Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 251–255, 1996.
@article{Tegner1996,
title = {Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players},
author = {Tegner, Y and Lorentzon, R},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {30},
pages = {251--255},
address = {Ermeline Clinic, Lulea, Sweden.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of concussion in Swedish ice hockey and to establish a uniform grading and treatment model for concussions of different severity. METHODS: Frequency of concussion was investigated in two studies, one retrospective and one prospective. In the retrospective study, all Swedish elite ice hockey players (n = 265) were asked to answer a questionnaire on the number and treatment of previous concussions. Only concussions diagnosed by a doctor were recorded. The questionnaire was completed by 227 players (86%). In the prospective study, all injuries including concussions occurring during game and practice in the Swedish Elite League (n = 12 teams) were recorded during four years. The causes of injury, referees judgements, diagnosis, treatment, and time absent from ice hockey were registered on special cards. RESULTS: In the retrospective study, 51 out of 227 players (22%) in the Swedish Elite League reported at least one concussion. In the prospective study, 52 concussions were reported. The incidence of a concussion is at least one concussion every year/team or a yearly risk of about 5% for a player to sustain a concussion. Most concussions occurred during league play (81%). Body contact (checking or boarding) was the most common cause of concussions. The players were absent from full training and play on a mean of 6 d. CONCLUSIONS: As this injury is potentially dangerous it must be treated seriously according to a simple treatment model presented. In cases of repeated concussions during the same season, a longer period of time away from play is suggested. In players who have sustained several concussions over the years a thorough medical examination including EEG, CT/MRI, and neuropsychological tests should be performed. If any of these is pathological the player should be advised to give up ice hockey.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Belanger, A
Hockey in Quebec, much more than a game: A sociological analysis of hockey's central place in the Quebecers' quest for identity Journal Article
In: Loisir & Societe-Society and Leisure, vol. 19, pp. 539–557, 1996, ISSN: 0705-3436.
@article{Belanger1996,
title = {Hockey in Quebec, much more than a game: A sociological analysis of hockey's central place in the Quebecers' quest for identity},
author = {Belanger, A},
issn = {0705-3436},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Loisir \& Societe-Society and Leisure},
volume = {19},
pages = {539--557},
abstract = {How can a culturally-futile practice such as hockey be of interest to Quebec sociologists? This paper focuses on hockey as a popular cultural practice in this province. Emphasis is put on its complexity, its various modes of expression, its background and its overwhelming influence on Quebecers' imagination. It particularly illustrates the process by which this sport has come to incorporate the quest for identity of many Quebecers since the '50s. The issue of cultural identity, the quest for this identity, the anguish which has affected the people from the past up to the present are also expressed in hockey. Questioning this sport about its identity problem amounts to questioning the imagination of Quebecers to learn more about their hopes and fears in terms of cultural identity. Maurice Richard's and Guy Lafleur's biographies, as well as newspaper and magazine clippings, are examined for this purpose. The study suggests that hockey is still the locus of tension of the Quebecers' identity problem, even in the current context of a world capitalist.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
DeNeui, Daniel L; Sachau, Daniel A
Spectator enjoyment of aggression in intercollegiate hockey games Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 20, pp. 69–77, 1996.
@article{DeNeui1996,
title = {Spectator enjoyment of aggression in intercollegiate hockey games},
author = {DeNeui, Daniel L and Sachau, Daniel A},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {20},
pages = {69--77},
abstract = {This study was designed to examine how player aggression in intercollegiate hockey games is related to spectator enjoyment of the games. The study tested the hypothesis that enjoyment of hockey is as highly related to aggressive aspects of the game as equally dramatic but nonaggressive aspects of the game. Six hundred twenty-four male and female spectators rated how enjoyable they found 16 games. Measures of enjoyment were correlated with a variety of game statistics. Results of the study indicated that aggression-related indexes, such as penalty minutes, were more highly related to enjoyment of the game than were nonaggression indexes such as score difference, shots on goal, and saves. However, power play minutes, which are related to both aggression and competition, were also highly related to enjoyment of the game.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bloom, G A; Smith, M D
Hockey violence: A test of cultural spillover theory Journal Article
In: Sociology of Sport Journal, vol. 13, pp. 65–77, 1996, ISSN: 0741-1235.
@article{Bloom1996,
title = {Hockey violence: A test of cultural spillover theory},
author = {Bloom, G A and Smith, M D},
issn = {0741-1235},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
volume = {13},
pages = {65--77},
address = {YORK UNIV,N YORK,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.},
abstract = {Cultural spillover theory holds that the more a society tends to legitimate the use of violence to attain ends for which there is widespread social approval, the greater the likelihood of illegitimate violence. This study was a test of cultural spillover theory as it applies to hockey violence. Based on data from a representative sample survey of Toronto hockey players and a comparison group of nonplayers, we tested the proposition that violence in hockey ''spills over'' into violence in other social settings. The results offer support for a cultural spillover explanation of hockey violence. Olde players in highly competitive select-leagues were move likely to approve of violence and to act violently in other social settings than were younger select-league players, house-league players, and nonplayers of all ages.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Colburn, Kenneth Jr.
Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence Journal Article
In: Sociological Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 63–74, 1986, ISSN: 1533-8525.
@article{Colburn1986,
title = {Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence},
author = {Colburn, Kenneth Jr.},
issn = {1533-8525},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Sociological Quarterly},
volume = {27},
pages = {63--74},
address = {Indiana University at Indianapolis},
abstract = {Bensman and Gerver's (1964) theory of structural deviance is employed as a general framework for examining the functional indispensability of the fist-fight in ice-hockey. Qualitative materials concerning the players' viewpoint are analyzed, according to Garfinkel (1967), in terms of a conception of practical decision-making used by players in their commission and interpretation of violent acts on the ice. A sociological explanation of hockey violence is thus offered that emphasizes the situationally relevant and meaningful nature of violence as it is experienced and understood by players. It also formulates the fist-fight as an institutionalized mode of legitimate violence that represents a compromise between conflicting ends within the sport.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Harrell, W Andrew
Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey Journal Article
In: Human Relations, vol. 34, pp. 643–655, 1981.
@article{Harrell1981,
title = {Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey},
author = {Harrell, W Andrew},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Human Relations},
volume = {34},
pages = {643--655},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kale, Rajendra
Stop the violence and play hockey Journal Article
In: CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 184, pp. 275, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Kale2012,
title = {Stop the violence and play hockey},
author = {Kale, Rajendra},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal},
volume = {184},
pages = {275},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Roberts, William O
Ice hockey concussion rates: a case for playing by the rules Journal Article
In: Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 10, pp. 1, 2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Roberts2011,
title = {Ice hockey concussion rates: a case for playing by the rules},
author = {Roberts, William O},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Current Sports Medicine Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {1},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Carré, Justin M; Putnam, Susan K
Watching a previous victory produces an increase in testosterone among elite hockey players Journal Article
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 35, pp. 475–479, 2010.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Carre2010,
title = {Watching a previous victory produces an increase in testosterone among elite hockey players},
author = {Carr\'{e}, Justin M and Putnam, Susan K},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology},
volume = {35},
pages = {475--479},
address = {Department of Psychology, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada. justin.carre@brocku.ca},
abstract = {Previous research indicates that testosterone concentrations are highly responsive to human competitive interactions and that winners have elevated testosterone concentrations relative to losers. Also, there is some evidence that simply observing others compete can have a similar effect on the endocrine system. Here, in two studies, we examined the extent to which elite male hockey players would demonstrate an increase in testosterone concentrations after watching themselves engaged in a previous successful competitive interaction. Results indicated that watching a previous victory produced a significant increase in testosterone concentrations (42-44% increase), whereas watching a previous defeat or a neutral video did not produce a significant change in testosterone (17% and 6%, respectively). Given that natural fluctuations in testosterone have been shown to influence future competitive and aggressive behaviours, the current studies may have important practical implications for individuals involved in competitive sports.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Andrew, Damon P S; Koo, Gi Yong; Hardin, Rob; Greenwell, T Christopher
Analysing motives of minor league hockey fans: the introduction of violence as a spectator motive Journal Article
In: International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, vol. 5, pp. 73–89, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Andrew2009,
title = {Analysing motives of minor league hockey fans: the introduction of violence as a spectator motive},
author = {Andrew, Damon P S and Koo, Gi Yong and Hardin, Rob and Greenwell, T Christopher},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing},
volume = {5},
pages = {73--89},
abstract = {For minor-league hockey to attract new customers, it is important to explore attendance motivation. Given the controversy over the role of violence in attracting spectators, this study included violence among other traditional motives in addressing why spectators are attracted to attend minor league hockey. Specifically, spectators' motives were explored on the basis of gender and ticket type as well as their relationship to behavioural intentions to attend games. Spectators (n = 270) at a Southern Professional Hockey League game completed a questionnaire that assessed demographics, spectator motives and behavioural intentions. The results indicated (a) the spectator motive of violence appears relevant in the context of the sport of ice hockey, (b) spectator motives for the sport of minor league hockey varied on the basis of gender and ticket type and (c) the relationship of spectator motives to behavioural intentions to attend future games were somewhat varied on the basis of gender and ticket type.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Rovio, Esa; Eskola, Jari; Kozub, Stephen A; Duda, Joan L; Lintunen, Taru
Can high group cohesion be harmful?: A case study of a junior ice-hockey team Journal Article
In: Small Group Research, vol. 40, pp. 421–435, 2009.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Adolescents Sport Psychology, Aggression Hockey
@article{Rovio2009,
title = {Can high group cohesion be harmful?: A case study of a junior ice-hockey team},
author = {Rovio, Esa and Eskola, Jari and Kozub, Stephen A and Duda, Joan L and Lintunen, Taru},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Small Group Research},
volume = {40},
pages = {421--435},
abstract = {High group cohesion is considered to be beneficial and lead to better performance. This qualitative case study describes a case in which high social cohesion led to a deterioration in a team's performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between performance in a team sport and social psychological group phenomena such as cohesion, conformity, groupthink, and group polarization. The participants were members of a junior-league ice-hockey team, consisting of three adult coaches and 22 players aged 15 to 16 years. The data were derived from an interview with the main coach, continuous observation by the principal researcher, and a diary based on observations during one ice-hockey season. The Group Environment Questionnaire was used to assess group cohesion quantitatively. The qualitative data were analyzed by identifying themes that illuminated the research problem. In this study, the team did not perform as expected, and their performance deteriorated during the autumn. Social cohesion was high. In addition, the need to evaluate performance declined because of increased pressure to conform. Pressure to conform, groupthink, and group polarization increased owing to the high level of social cohesion which in turn was associated with the deterioration in the group's performance. Based on the findings it appears that high group cohesion may not always be beneficial to the team and does not necessarily lead to better performance in all situations.},
keywords = {Adolescents Sport Psychology, Aggression Hockey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lorenz, Stacy L; Osborne, Geraint B
"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry Journal Article
In: Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 40, pp. 125–156, 2006.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Lorenz2006,
title = {"Talk About strenuous hockey": Violence, manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer rivalry},
author = {Lorenz, Stacy L and Osborne, Geraint B},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Canadian Studies},
volume = {40},
pages = {125--156},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pappas, N T; McKenry, P C; Catlett, B S
Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships Journal Article
In: Men and Masculinities, vol. 6, pp. 291–312, 2004.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Pappas2004,
title = {Athlete aggression on the rink and off the ice: Athlete violence and aggression in hockey and interpersonal relationships},
author = {Pappas, N T and McKenry, P C and Catlett, B S},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Men and Masculinities},
volume = {6},
pages = {291--312},
abstract = {Because male athletes have exhibited aggressive tendencies in a variety of settings, they may be at risk for using violence both within \& beyond their sports involvement. Five former college/professional hockey players were interviewed to determine their perspectives on the nature of aggression \& violence in sports competition as well as in social relationships. The informants were asked about athletes' violence \& aggression toward teammates, acquaintances, \& female intimates. This analysis includes participants' experiences, observations, \& explanations of the instances of violence in hockey culture. The study findings yield (1) a greater understanding of the ways in which hockey socialization \& athletes' notions of masculinity combine to create a culture of aggression \& violence \& (2) two major factors -- consumption of alcohol \& the objectification of women -- that contribute to exporting violence outside the athletic arena.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio
Women's collective identity formation in sports: A case study from women's ice hockey Journal Article
In: Gender & Society, vol. 16, pp. 93–114, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology
@article{Pelak2002,
title = {Women's collective identity formation in sports: A case study from women's ice hockey},
author = {Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Gender \& Society},
volume = {16},
pages = {93--114},
abstract = {This research examines the emergence and development of a women's collegiate ice hockey club at a large university in the midwestern United States during the 1990s. The aim of this article is to assess the role that collective action plays in contesting sexist structures and practices within a traditionally male-dominated institution. This article draws on collective identity theory, as articulated in the social movement literature, to understand the process by which perceived injustices at an ice rink are translated into collective action on the part of a women's ice hockey club. The findings, based on fieldwork and interviews, demonstrate that the club's collective identity as a legitimate ice hockey organization was an important factor in the women's successful challenge of exclusionary practices at a university ice rink.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Juhn, Mark S; Brolinson, Per Gunnar; Duffey, Timothy; Stockard, Alan; Vangelos, Zenos A; Emaus, Erik; Maddox, Matthew; Boyajian, Lori; Henehan, Michael; Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports
Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey Journal Article
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 46–51, 2002.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Juhn2002,
title = {Position Statement. Violence and injury in ice hockey},
author = {Juhn, Mark S and Brolinson, Per Gunnar and Duffey, Timothy and Stockard, Alan and Vangelos, Zenos A and Emaus, Erik and Maddox, Matthew and Boyajian, Lori and Henehan, Michael and Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine},
volume = {12},
pages = {46--51},
address = {Hall Health Sports Medicine, University of Washington, 354410 E. Stevens Circle, Seattle, WA 98195-4410, USA.},
abstract = {Ice hockey is a sport enjoyed by many men and women at the spectator and participant level. It is played with high intensity and often involves body contact. Although the women's games is far from injury free, it is the men's game that has drawn criticism for excessive violence. Much attention has been drawn to the serious injuries that have occurred in ice hockey, specifically spinal injuries, concussions, and eye injuries. Many such injuries are the result of illegal and violent acts such as checking from behind or a deliberate high stick. Because of this, some medical organizations have called for changes in the sport, such as minimum age requirements for body-checking. As a practical matter such changes are unlikely to be accepted by hockey governing boards. Many of those involved in the sport consider body-checking a fundamental component of the game. Furthermore, a distinction needs to be made between any kind of injury and a serious, catastrophic injury. For example, although a recent study found that body-checking accounted for up to 38% of ice hockey injuries, none were of the catastrophic type. With respect to catastrophic injuries such as spinal cord trauma or a blinded eye, legal body-checking accounts for significantly less than illegal body-checking (e.g., checking from behind) or violent stick work. To reduce serious injury in ice hockey, we offer 10 recommendations, key among them automatic game suspensions for certain rules violations, and recognition of the coach as the most important figure in promoting a clean, safe game.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bushman, B J; Wells, G L
Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: predicting hot tempers on the ice Journal Article
In: Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 83, pp. 969–974, 1998.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Bushman1998,
title = {Trait aggressiveness and hockey penalties: predicting hot tempers on the ice},
author = {Bushman, B J and Wells, G L},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
volume = {83},
pages = {969--974},
address = {Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3180, USA. bushman@iastate.edu},
abstract = {Previous studies examining the validity of measures of trait aggressiveness either have been retrospective studies or have used laboratory aggression as the criterion behavior. Can a measure of trait aggressiveness predict nonlaboratory physical aggression? The Physical Aggression subscale of the Aggression Questionnaire was completed by 91 high school hockey players prior to the start of the season. At the end of the season, these trait aggressiveness scores were regressed on minutes in the penalty box for aggressive penalties (e.g., fighting, slashing, tripping) and minutes in the penalty box for nonaggressive penalties (e.g., delay of game, illegal equipment, too many players). As expected, preseason trait aggressiveness scores predicted aggressive penalty minutes (r = .33) but not nonaggressive penalty minutes (r = .04).},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tegner, Y; Lorentzon, R
Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players Journal Article
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 30, pp. 251–255, 1996.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Tegner1996,
title = {Concussion among Swedish elite ice hockey players},
author = {Tegner, Y and Lorentzon, R},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
volume = {30},
pages = {251--255},
address = {Ermeline Clinic, Lulea, Sweden.},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of concussion in Swedish ice hockey and to establish a uniform grading and treatment model for concussions of different severity. METHODS: Frequency of concussion was investigated in two studies, one retrospective and one prospective. In the retrospective study, all Swedish elite ice hockey players (n = 265) were asked to answer a questionnaire on the number and treatment of previous concussions. Only concussions diagnosed by a doctor were recorded. The questionnaire was completed by 227 players (86%). In the prospective study, all injuries including concussions occurring during game and practice in the Swedish Elite League (n = 12 teams) were recorded during four years. The causes of injury, referees judgements, diagnosis, treatment, and time absent from ice hockey were registered on special cards. RESULTS: In the retrospective study, 51 out of 227 players (22%) in the Swedish Elite League reported at least one concussion. In the prospective study, 52 concussions were reported. The incidence of a concussion is at least one concussion every year/team or a yearly risk of about 5% for a player to sustain a concussion. Most concussions occurred during league play (81%). Body contact (checking or boarding) was the most common cause of concussions. The players were absent from full training and play on a mean of 6 d. CONCLUSIONS: As this injury is potentially dangerous it must be treated seriously according to a simple treatment model presented. In cases of repeated concussions during the same season, a longer period of time away from play is suggested. In players who have sustained several concussions over the years a thorough medical examination including EEG, CT/MRI, and neuropsychological tests should be performed. If any of these is pathological the player should be advised to give up ice hockey.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Belanger, A
Hockey in Quebec, much more than a game: A sociological analysis of hockey's central place in the Quebecers' quest for identity Journal Article
In: Loisir & Societe-Society and Leisure, vol. 19, pp. 539–557, 1996, ISSN: 0705-3436.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Belanger1996,
title = {Hockey in Quebec, much more than a game: A sociological analysis of hockey's central place in the Quebecers' quest for identity},
author = {Belanger, A},
issn = {0705-3436},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Loisir \& Societe-Society and Leisure},
volume = {19},
pages = {539--557},
abstract = {How can a culturally-futile practice such as hockey be of interest to Quebec sociologists? This paper focuses on hockey as a popular cultural practice in this province. Emphasis is put on its complexity, its various modes of expression, its background and its overwhelming influence on Quebecers' imagination. It particularly illustrates the process by which this sport has come to incorporate the quest for identity of many Quebecers since the '50s. The issue of cultural identity, the quest for this identity, the anguish which has affected the people from the past up to the present are also expressed in hockey. Questioning this sport about its identity problem amounts to questioning the imagination of Quebecers to learn more about their hopes and fears in terms of cultural identity. Maurice Richard's and Guy Lafleur's biographies, as well as newspaper and magazine clippings, are examined for this purpose. The study suggests that hockey is still the locus of tension of the Quebecers' identity problem, even in the current context of a world capitalist.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
DeNeui, Daniel L; Sachau, Daniel A
Spectator enjoyment of aggression in intercollegiate hockey games Journal Article
In: Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 20, pp. 69–77, 1996.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology
@article{DeNeui1996,
title = {Spectator enjoyment of aggression in intercollegiate hockey games},
author = {DeNeui, Daniel L and Sachau, Daniel A},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Sport and Social Issues},
volume = {20},
pages = {69--77},
abstract = {This study was designed to examine how player aggression in intercollegiate hockey games is related to spectator enjoyment of the games. The study tested the hypothesis that enjoyment of hockey is as highly related to aggressive aspects of the game as equally dramatic but nonaggressive aspects of the game. Six hundred twenty-four male and female spectators rated how enjoyable they found 16 games. Measures of enjoyment were correlated with a variety of game statistics. Results of the study indicated that aggression-related indexes, such as penalty minutes, were more highly related to enjoyment of the game than were nonaggression indexes such as score difference, shots on goal, and saves. However, power play minutes, which are related to both aggression and competition, were also highly related to enjoyment of the game.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Collegiate Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bloom, G A; Smith, M D
Hockey violence: A test of cultural spillover theory Journal Article
In: Sociology of Sport Journal, vol. 13, pp. 65–77, 1996, ISSN: 0741-1235.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, ice-hockey Sport Psychology
@article{Bloom1996,
title = {Hockey violence: A test of cultural spillover theory},
author = {Bloom, G A and Smith, M D},
issn = {0741-1235},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
volume = {13},
pages = {65--77},
address = {YORK UNIV,N YORK,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.},
abstract = {Cultural spillover theory holds that the more a society tends to legitimate the use of violence to attain ends for which there is widespread social approval, the greater the likelihood of illegitimate violence. This study was a test of cultural spillover theory as it applies to hockey violence. Based on data from a representative sample survey of Toronto hockey players and a comparison group of nonplayers, we tested the proposition that violence in hockey ''spills over'' into violence in other social settings. The results offer support for a cultural spillover explanation of hockey violence. Olde players in highly competitive select-leagues were move likely to approve of violence and to act violently in other social settings than were younger select-league players, house-league players, and nonplayers of all ages.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, ice-hockey Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Colburn, Kenneth Jr.
Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence Journal Article
In: Sociological Quarterly, vol. 27, pp. 63–74, 1986, ISSN: 1533-8525.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Colburn1986,
title = {Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of violence},
author = {Colburn, Kenneth Jr.},
issn = {1533-8525},
year = {1986},
date = {1986-01-01},
journal = {Sociological Quarterly},
volume = {27},
pages = {63--74},
address = {Indiana University at Indianapolis},
abstract = {Bensman and Gerver's (1964) theory of structural deviance is employed as a general framework for examining the functional indispensability of the fist-fight in ice-hockey. Qualitative materials concerning the players' viewpoint are analyzed, according to Garfinkel (1967), in terms of a conception of practical decision-making used by players in their commission and interpretation of violent acts on the ice. A sociological explanation of hockey violence is thus offered that emphasizes the situationally relevant and meaningful nature of violence as it is experienced and understood by players. It also formulates the fist-fight as an institutionalized mode of legitimate violence that represents a compromise between conflicting ends within the sport.},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Harrell, W Andrew
Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey Journal Article
In: Human Relations, vol. 34, pp. 643–655, 1981.
BibTeX | Tags: Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology
@article{Harrell1981,
title = {Verbal aggressiveness in spectators at professional hockey games: The effects of tolerance of violence and amount of exposure to hockey},
author = {Harrell, W Andrew},
year = {1981},
date = {1981-01-01},
journal = {Human Relations},
volume = {34},
pages = {643--655},
keywords = {Aggression Hockey, Sport Psychology},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}